Imidazopyridine Derivatives As Modulators of TNF Activity

ABSTRACT

A series of substituted 3H imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine derivatives of formula (I), being potent modulators of human TNFa activity, are accordingly of benefit in the treatment and/or prevention of various human ailments, including autoimmune and inflammatory disorders; neurological and neurodegenerative disorders; pain and nociceptive disorders; cardiovascular disorders; metabolic disorders; ocular disorders; and oncological disorders.

The present invention relates to a class of fused imidazole derivatives, and to their use in therapy. More particularly, this invention is concerned with pharmacologically active substituted 3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine derivatives. These compounds are modulators of the signalling of TNFα, and are accordingly of benefit as pharmaceutical agents, especially in the treatment of adverse inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, pain and nociceptive disorders, cardiovascular disorders, metabolic disorders, ocular disorders, and oncological disorders.

TNFα is the prototypical member of the Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) superfamily of proteins that share a primary function of regulating cell survival and cell death. One structural feature common to all known members of the TNF superfamily is the formation of trimeric complexes that bind to, and activate, specific TNF superfamily receptors. By way of example, TNFα exists in soluble and transmembrane forms and signals through two receptors, known as TNFR1 and TNFR2, with distinct functional endpoints.

Various products capable of modulating TNFα activity are already commercially available. All are approved for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. All currently approved products are macromolecular and act by inhibiting the binding of human TNFα to its receptor. Typical macromolecular TNFα inhibitors include anti-TNFα antibodies; and soluble TNFα receptor fusion proteins. Examples of commercially available anti-TNFα antibodies include fully human antibodies such as adalimumab (Humira®) and golimumab (Simponi®), chimeric antibodies such as infliximab (Remicade®), and pegylated Fab′ fragments such as certolizumab pegol (Cimzia®). An example of a commercially available soluble TNFα receptor fusion protein is etanercept (Enbrel®).

TNF superfamily members, including TNFα itself, are implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological functions that are believed to play a part in a range of conditions of significant medical importance (see, for example, M. G. Tansey & D. E. Szymkowski, Drug Discovery Today, 2009, 14, 1082-1088; and F. S. Carneiro et al., J. Sexual Medicine, 2010, 7, 3823-3834).

The compounds in accordance with the present invention, being potent modulators of human TNFα activity, are therefore beneficial in the treatment and/or prevention of various human ailments. These include autoimmune and inflammatory disorders; neurological and neurodegenerative disorders; pain and nociceptive disorders; cardiovascular disorders; metabolic disorders; ocular disorders; and oncological disorders.

In addition, the compounds in accordance with the present invention may be beneficial as pharmacological standards for use in the development of new biological tests and in the search for new pharmacological agents. Thus, in one embodiment, the compounds of this invention may be useful as radioligands in assays for detecting pharmacologically active compounds. In an alternative embodiment, certain compounds of this invention may be useful for coupling to a fluorophore to provide fluorescent conjugates that can be utilised in assays (e.g. a fluorescence polarisation assay) for detecting pharmacologically active compounds.

Co-pending international patent applications WO 2013/186229 (published 19 Dec. 2013), WO 2014/009295 (published 16 Jan. 2014) and WO 2014/009296 (also published 16 Jan. 2014) describe fused imidazole derivatives which are modulators of human TNFα activity.

None of the prior art available to date, however, discloses or suggests the precise structural class of 3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine derivatives as provided by the present invention.

The compounds in accordance with the present invention potently inhibit the binding of a fluorescence conjugate to TNFα when tested in the fluorescence polarisation assay described herein. Indeed, when tested in that assay, the compounds of the present invention exhibit an IC₅₀ value of 50 μM or less, generally of 20 μM or less, usually of 5 μM or less, typically of 1 μM or less, suitably of 500 nM or less, ideally of 100 nM or less, and preferably of 20 nM or less (the skilled person will appreciate that a lower IC₅₀ figure denotes a more active compound).

Certain compounds in accordance with the present invention potently neutralise the activity of TNFα in a commercially available HEK-293 derived reporter cell line known as HEK-Blue™ CD40L. This is a stable HEK-293 transfected cell line expressing SEAP (secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase) under the control of the IFNβ minimal promoter fused to five NF-κB binding sites. Secretion of SEAP by these cells is stimulated in a concentration-dependent manner by TNFα. When tested in the HEK-293 bioassay, also referred to herein as the reporter gene assay, certain compounds of the present invention exhibit an IC₅₀ value of 50 μM or less, generally of 20 μM or less, usually of 5 μM or less, typically of 1 μM or less, suitably of 500 nM or less, ideally of 100 nM or less, and preferably of 20 nM or less (as before, the skilled person will appreciate that a lower IC₅₀ figure denotes a more active compound).

The present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a glucuronide derivative thereof, or a co-crystal thereof:

wherein

E represents a covalent bond; or E represents —S(O)₂— or —N(R⁴)—; or E represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₄ alkylene chain;

Q represents a covalent bond; or Q represents —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— or —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—; or Q represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene chain optionally comprising one, two or three heteroatom-containing linkages independently selected from —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— and —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—;

Y represents C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents;

Z represents hydrogen, halogen or trifluoromethyl; or Z represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; or Z represents —Z¹—Z² or —Z¹—C(O)—Z², either of which moieties may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents;

Z¹ represents a divalent radical derived from an aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl group;

Z² represents aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl or heteroaryl;

R¹, R² and R³ independently represent hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —SOR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —SF₅, —NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)COR^(d), —NR^(c)CO₂R^(d), —NHCONR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(e), —N(SO₂R^(e))₂, —NHSO₂NR^(b)R^(c), —COR^(d), —CO₂R^(d), —CONR^(b)R^(c), —CON(OR^(a))R^(b), —SO₂NR^(b)R^(c) or —SO(NR^(b))R^(d); or C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₇ cycloalkenyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, aryl, aryl(C₁₋₆)-alkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl, C₄₋₉ heterobicycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-aryl-, heteroaryl(C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-(C₁₋₆)alkyl-hetero aryl-, (C₄₋₇)cyclo alkenyl-hetero aryl-, (C₄₋₉)bicycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)hetero cyclo alkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-hetero aryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₉)heterobicycloalkyl-heteroaryl- or (C₄₋₉)spiroheterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents;

R⁴ and R⁵ independently represent hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl;

R^(a) represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, aryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents;

R^(b) and R^(c) independently represent hydrogen or trifluoromethyl; or C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, aryl, aryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; or

R^(b) and R^(c), when taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both attached, represent azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, oxazolidin-3-yl, isoxazolidin-2-yl, thiazolidin-3-yl, isothiazolidin-2-yl, piperidin-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, thiomorpholin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, homopiperidin-1-yl, homomorpholin-4-yl or homopiperazin-1-yl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents;

R^(d) represents hydrogen; or C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; and

R^(e) represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

The present invention also provides a compound of formula (I) as defined above or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a glucuronide derivative thereof, or a co-crystal thereof, for use in therapy.

The present invention also provides a compound of formula (I) as defined above or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a glucuronide derivative thereof, or a co-crystal thereof, for use in the treatment and/or prevention of disorders for which the administration of a modulator of TNF a function is indicated.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) as defined above or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a glucuronide derivative thereof, or a co-crystal thereof, for use in the treatment and/or prevention of an inflammatory or autoimmune disorder, a neurological or neurodegenerative disorder, pain or a nociceptive disorder, a cardiovascular disorder, a metabolic disorder, an ocular disorder, or an oncological disorder.

The present invention also provides a method for the treatment and/or prevention of disorders for which the administration of a modulator of TNFα function is indicated which comprises administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as defined above or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a glucuronide derivative thereof, or a co-crystal thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for the treatment and/or prevention of an inflammatory or autoimmune disorder, a neurological or neurodegenerative disorder, pain or a nociceptive disorder, a cardiovascular disorder, a metabolic disorder, an ocular disorder, or an oncological disorder, which comprises administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as defined above or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a glucuronide derivative thereof, or a co-crystal thereof.

Where any of the groups in the compounds of formula (I) above is stated to be optionally substituted, this group may be unsubstituted, or substituted by one or more substituents. Typically, such groups will be unsubstituted, or substituted by one or two substituents.

For use in medicine, the salts of the compounds of formula (I) will be pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of the compounds of use in the invention or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Standard principles underlying the selection and preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are described, for example, in Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection and Use, ed. P. H. Stahl & C. G. Wermuth, Wiley-VCH, 2002. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of use in this invention include acid addition salts which may, for example, be formed by mixing a solution of the compound of use in the invention with a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, methanesulphonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid or phosphoric acid. Furthermore, where the compounds of use in the invention carry an acidic moiety, e.g. carboxy, suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may include alkali metal salts, e.g. sodium or potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts, e.g. calcium or magnesium salts; ammonium salts; and salts formed with suitable organic ligands, e.g. quaternary ammonium salts, and meglumine salts.

The present invention includes within its scope solvates of the compounds of formula (I) above. Such solvates may be formed with common organic solvents, e.g. hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene or toluene; chlorinated solvents such as chloroform or dichloromethane; alcoholic solvents such as methanol, ethanol or isopropanol; ethereal solvents such as diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran; or ester solvents such as ethyl acetate. Alternatively, the solvates of the compounds of formula (I) may be formed with water, in which case they will be hydrates.

The present invention also includes co-crystals within its scope. The technical term “co-crystal” is used to describe the situation where neutral molecular components are present within a crystalline compound in a definite stoichiometric ratio. The preparation of pharmaceutical co-crystals enables modifications to be made to the crystalline form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, which in turn can alter its physicochemical properties without compromising its intended biological activity (see Pharmaceutical Salts and Co-crystals, ed. J. Wouters & L. Quere, RSC Publishing, 2012). Typical examples of co-crystal formers, which may be present in the co-crystal alongside the active pharmaceutical ingredient, include L-ascorbic acid, citric acid, glutaric acid, urea and nicotinamide.

The present invention includes within its scope prodrugs of the compounds of formula (I) above. In general, such prodrugs will be functional derivatives of the compounds of formula (I) which are readily convertible in vivo into the required compound of formula (I). Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in Design of Prodrugs, ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.

Suitable alkyl groups which may be present on the compounds of use in the invention include straight-chained and branched C₁₋₆ alkyl groups, for example C₁₋₄ alkyl groups. Typical examples include methyl and ethyl groups, and straight-chained or branched propyl, butyl and pentyl groups. Particular alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl and 3-methylbutyl. Derived expressions such as “C₁₋₆ alkoxy”, “C₁₋₆ alkylthio”, “C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl” and “C₁₋₆ alkylamino” are to be construed accordingly.

The expression “C₁₋₄ alkylene chain” refers to a divalent straight or branched alkylene chain containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Typical examples include methylene, ethylene, methylmethylene, ethylmethylene and dimethylmethylene.

Suitable C₂₋₆ alkenyl groups include vinyl and allyl.

Suitable C₂₋₆ alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propargyl and butynyl.

The term “C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl” as used herein refers to monovalent groups of 3 to 7 carbon atoms derived from a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon, and may comprise benzo-fused analogues thereof. Suitable C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, benzocyclobutenyl, cyclopentyl, indanyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.

The term “C₄₋₇ cycloalkenyl” as used herein refers to monovalent groups of 4 to 7 carbon atoms derived from a partially unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbon. Suitable C₄₋₇ cycloalkenyl groups include cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl and cycloheptenyl.

The term “C₄₋₉ bicycloalkyl” as used herein refers to monovalent groups of 4 to 9 carbon atoms derived from a saturated bicyclic hydrocarbon. Typical bicycloalkyl groups include bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, bicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl and bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl.

The term “aryl” as used herein refers to monovalent carbocyclic aromatic groups derived from a single aromatic ring or multiple condensed aromatic rings. Suitable aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl, preferably phenyl.

Suitable aryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl groups include benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl and naphthylmethyl.

The term “C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl” as used herein refers to saturated monocyclic rings containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen, and may comprise benzo-fused analogues thereof. Suitable heterocycloalkyl groups include oxetanyl, azetidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrobenzo-furanyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, pyrrolidinyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, chromanyl, tetrahydro-thiopyranyl, piperidinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, piperazinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalinyl, hexahydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyrazinyl, homopiperazinyl, morpholinyl, benzoxazinyl, thiomorpholinyl, azepanyl, oxazepanyl, diazepanyl, thiadiazepanyl and azocanyl.

The term “C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl” as used herein refers to monounsaturated or polyunsaturated monocyclic rings containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen, and may comprise benzo-fused analogues thereof. Suitable heterocycloalkenyl groups include thiazolinyl, isothiazolinyl, imidazolinyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrothiopyranyl and 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl.

The term “C₄₋₉ heterobicycloalkyl” as used herein corresponds to C₄₋₉ bicycloalkyl wherein one or more of the carbon atoms have been replaced by one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen. Typical heterobicycloalkyl groups include 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, 6-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptanyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl, 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl, 2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, quinuclidinyl, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 8-azabicyclo-[3.2.1]octanyl, 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonanyl, 3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanyl and 3,9-diazabicyclo-[4.2.1]nonanyl.

The term “C₄₋₉ spiroheterocycloalkyl” as used herein refers to saturated bicyclic ring systems containing 4 to 9 carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen, in which the two rings are linked by a common atom. Suitable spiroheterocycloalkyl groups include 5-azaspiro[2.3]hexanyl, 5-azaspiro[2.4]-heptanyl, 2-azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.4]-octanyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.5]nonanyl, 7-oxa-2-azaspiro[3.5]nonanyl, 2-oxa-7-azaspiro-[3.5]nonanyl and 2,4,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decanyl.

The term “heteroaryl” as used herein refers to monovalent aromatic groups containing at least 5 atoms derived from a single ring or multiple condensed rings, wherein one or more carbon atoms have been replaced by one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen. Suitable heteroaryl groups include furyl, benzofuryl, dibenzofuryl, thienyl, benzothienyl, thieno[2,3-c]pyrazolyl, thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxinyl, dibenzothienyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridinyl, pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridinyl, pyrazolo[3,4-c/]pyrimidinyl, indazolyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindazolyl, oxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, imidazo[1,2-c]pyridinyl, imidazo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, purinyl, imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidinyl, imidazo[1,2-c]pyrazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]-pyrimidinyl, benzotriazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthyridinyl, pyridazinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, pyrimidinyl, quinazolinyl, pyrazinyl, quinoxalinyl, pteridinyl, triazinyl and chromenyl groups.

The term “halogen” as used herein is intended to include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms, typically fluorine, chlorine or bromine.

Where the compounds of formula (I) have one or more asymmetric centres, they may accordingly exist as enantiomers. Where the compounds of use in the invention possess two or more asymmetric centres, they may additionally exist as diastereomers. The invention is to be understood to extend to the use of all such enantiomers and diastereomers, and to mixtures thereof in any proportion, including racemates. Formula (I) and the formulae depicted hereinafter are intended to represent all individual stereoisomers and all possible mixtures thereof, unless stated or shown otherwise. In addition, compounds of formula (I) may exist as tautomers, for example keto (CH₂C═O)⇄enol (CH═CHOH) tautomers or amide (NHC═O)⇄hydroxyimine (N═COH) tautomers. Formula (I) and the formulae depicted hereinafter are intended to represent all individual tautomers and all possible mixtures thereof, unless stated or shown otherwise.

It is to be understood that each individual atom present in formula (I), or in the formulae depicted hereinafter, may in fact be present in the form of any of its naturally occurring isotopes, with the most abundant isotope(s) being preferred. Thus, by way of example, each individual hydrogen atom present in formula (I), or in the formulae depicted hereinafter, may be present as a ¹H, ²H (deuterium) or ³H (tritium) atom, preferably ¹H. Similarly, by way of example, each individual carbon atom present in formula (I), or in the formulae depicted hereinafter, may be present as a ¹²C, ¹³C or ¹⁴C atom, preferably ¹²C.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) as depicted above or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a glucuronide derivative thereof, or a co-crystal thereof, wherein

Q represents —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— or —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—; or Q represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene chain optionally comprising one, two or three heteroatom-containing linkages independently selected from —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— and —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—;

Z represents C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; or Z represents —Z¹—Z² or —Z¹—C(O)—Z², either of which moieties may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; and

E, Y, R¹, R², R³, R⁵, Z¹ and Z² are as defined above.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) as depicted above or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a glucuronide derivative thereof, or a co-crystal thereof, wherein

R¹ represents halogen or cyano; or C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₇ cycloalkenyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, aryl, aryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl, C₄₋₉ heterobicycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-aryl-, heteroaryl(C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-(C₁₋₆)alkyl-hetero aryl-, (C₄₋₇)cyclo alkenyl-hetero aryl-, (C₄₋₉)bicycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)hetero cyclo alkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-hetero aryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₉)heterobicycloalkyl-heteroaryl- or (C₄₋₉)spiroheterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; and

E, Q, Y, Z, R² and R³ are as defined above.

Where the compounds in accordance with the invention comprise an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, typical values thereof include methylene (—CH₂—), (methyl)methylene, ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—), (ethyl)methylene, (dimethyl)-methylene, (methyl)ethylene, propylene (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—), (propyl)methylene and (dimethyl)ethylene, any of which chains may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents. Suitably, such chains are unsubstituted, monosubstituted or disubstituted. Typically, such chains are unsubstituted or monosubstituted. In one embodiment, such chains are unsubstituted. In another embodiment, such chains are monosubstituted. In a further embodiment, such chains are disubstituted.

Examples of typical substituents on the alkylene chain which may be present in a compound in accordance with the invention include halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, oxo, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkoxy, trifluoromethoxy, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, carboxy, benzyloxycarbonyl, tetrazolyl, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl and di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl.

Specific examples of suitable substituents on the alkylene chain which may be present in a compound in accordance with the invention include fluoro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, methoxy, carboxymethoxy, amino, acetylamino, carboxy, benzyloxycarbonyl and tetrazolyl.

In a first embodiment, E represents a covalent bond, whereby the integer Y is attached directly to the imidazole ring.

In a second embodiment, E represents —S(O)₂— or —N(R⁴)—. In a first aspect of that embodiment, E represents —S(O)₂—. In a second aspect of that embodiment, E represents —N(R⁴)—.

In a third embodiment, E represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₄ alkylene chain. In a first aspect of that embodiment, E represents an optionally substituted methylene (—CH₂—) linkage. In a second aspect of that embodiment, E represents an optionally substituted (methyl)methylene linkage. In a third aspect of that embodiment, E represents an optionally substituted (ethyl)methylene linkage.

Generally, E represents a covalent bond; or E represents —N(R⁴)—; or E represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₄ alkylene chain.

Typically, E represents —N(R⁴)—; or E represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₄ alkylene chain.

Suitably, E represents a covalent bond; or E represents —N(R⁴)—; or E represents methylene (—CH₂—), (methyl)methylene or (ethyl)methylene, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Generally, E represents —N(R⁴)—; or E represents methylene (—CH₂—) or (ethyl)methylene, either of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Appositely, E represents —N(R⁴)—, or optionally substituted methylene.

Selected examples of typical substituents on the linkage represented by E include halogen, trifluoromethyl, oxo, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkoxy, trifluoromethoxy, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, carboxy, benzyloxycarbonyl and tetrazolyl.

Specific examples of typical substituents on the linkage represented by E include fluoro, trifluoromethyl, oxo, hydroxy, methoxy, carboxymethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino, acetylamino, carboxy, benzyloxycarbonyl and tetrazolyl.

Typical values of E include —N(R⁴)—, —CH₂—, —C(O)—, —CH(OCH₃)—, —CH(OCH₂CO₂H)—, —CH(NHCOCH₃)—, —CH(CO₂benzyl)-, —CH(CH₃)— and —CH(CH₂CH₃)—; or E may represent a covalent bond.

Illustrative values of E include —CH₂— and —CH(CH₃)—.

Suitable values of E include —N(R⁴)— and —CH₂—. In one embodiment, E represents —N(R⁴)—. In another embodiment, E represents —CH₂—.

In another embodiment, E represents —C(O)—.

In another embodiment, E represents —CH(OCH₃)—.

In an additional embodiment, E represents —CH(CH₃)—. In a particular aspect of that embodiment, the —CH(CH₃)— linkage represented by E is in the (R) stereochemical configuration.

In a further embodiment, E represents —CH(CH₂CH₃)—.

In a first embodiment, Q represents a covalent bond, whereby the integer Z is attached directly to the imidazole ring.

In a second embodiment, Q represents —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— or —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—. In a first aspect of that embodiment, Q represents —O—. In a second aspect of that embodiment, Q represents —S—. In a third aspect of that embodiment, Q represents —S(O)—. In a fourth aspect of that embodiment, Q represents —S(O)₂—. In a fifth aspect of that embodiment, Q represents —S(O)(NR⁵)—. In a sixth aspect of that embodiment, Q represents —N(R⁵)—. In a seventh aspect of that embodiment, Q represents —C(O)N(R⁵)—. In an eighth aspect of that embodiment, Q represents —N(R⁵)C(O)—. In a ninth aspect of that embodiment, Q represents —S(O)₂N(R⁵)—. In a tenth aspect of that embodiment, Q represents —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—.

In a third embodiment, Q represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene chain optionally comprising one, two or three heteroatom-containing linkages independently selected from —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— and —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—. In a first aspect of that embodiment, Q represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene chain. In a second aspect of that embodiment, Q represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene chain comprising one heteroatom-containing linkage independently selected from —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— and —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—. In a third aspect of that embodiment, Q represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene chain comprising two heteroatom-containing linkages independently selected from —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— and —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—. In a fourth aspect of that embodiment, Q represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene chain comprising three heteroatom-containing linkages independently selected from —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— and —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—. In a fifth aspect of that embodiment, Q represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene chain comprising one, two or three heteroatom-containing linkages independently selected from —O—, —S—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)— and —N(R⁵)C(O)—.

Typically, Q represents a covalent bond; or Q represents —S(O)— or —S(O)₂—; or Q represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene chain optionally comprising one or two heteroatom-containing linkages selected from —O—, —S—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, and —N(R⁵)C(O)—.

Selected examples of typical substituents on the linkage represented by Q include halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy and amino.

Selected examples of suitable substituents on the linkage represented by Q include hydroxy.

Specific examples of typical substituents on the linkage represented by Q include fluoro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, methoxy and amino.

Specific examples of suitable substituents on the linkage represented by Q include hydroxy.

Suitably, Q represents a covalent bond; or Q represents —S(O)—, —S(O)₂— or —N(R⁵)—; or Q represents —CH₂—, —CH(F)—, —CF₂—, —CH(CN)—, —CH(CH₃)—, —CH(OH)—, —CH(CH₂OH)—, —CH(OCH₃)—, —CH(NH₂)—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH(OH)CH₂—, —CH(OH)CF₂—, —CH(OCH₃)CH₂—, —CH₂O—, —CH(CH₃)O—, —C(CH₃)₂O—, —CH(CH₂CH₃)O—, —CH(CF₃)O—, —CH₂S—, —CH₂S(O)—, —CH₂S(O)₂—, —CH₂N(R⁵)—, —CH₂CH₂CH₂—, —CH(OH)CH₂CH₂—, —CH(OCH₃)CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂O—, —CH₂OCH₂—, —CH₂OCH(F)—, —CH₂OCF₂—, —CH₂OCH(CH₃)—, —CH(CH₃)OCH₂—, —CH₂OC(CH₃)₂—, —C(CH₃)₂OCH₂—, —CH₂SCH₂—, —CH₂S(O)CH₂—, —CH₂S(O)₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂N(R⁵)—, —CH₂N(R⁵)CH₂—, —CH₂N(R⁵)C(O)—, —CH₂CH₂OCH₂—, —CH₂CH₂N(R⁵)C(O)—, —CH₂OCH₂CH₂—, —CH₂OCH₂CF₂—, —CH₂OCH₂CH(CH₃)—, —CH₂OCH(CH₃)CH₂—, —CH₂OC(CH₃)₂CH₂—, —CH₂OCH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—, —CH₂OCH₂CH₂O—, —CH₂OCH₂C(O)N(R⁵)— or —CH₂OCH₂CH₂OCH₂—.

Appositely, Q represents a covalent bond; or Q represents —CH₂—, —CH(CN)—, —CH(OH)—, —CH(OCH₃)—, —CH₂O—, —CH₂N(R⁵)— or —CH₂OCH₂—.

Appropriately, Q represents a covalent bond; or Q represents —CH₂—, —CH(OH)— or —CH₂O—.

Particular values of Q include —CH₂—, —CH(OH)—, —CH₂O—, —CH₂S— and —CH₂OCH₂—. In a first embodiment, Q represents —CH₂—. In a second embodiment, Q represents —CH(OH)—. In a third embodiment, Q represents —CH₂O—. In a fourth embodiment, Q represents —CH₂S—. In a fifth embodiment, Q represents —CH₂OCH₂—.

Generally, Y represents C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Typically, Y represents aryl or heteroaryl, either of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

In a first embodiment, Y represents optionally substituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, Y represents unsubstituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl. In another aspect of that embodiment, Y represents monosubstituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl. In a further aspect of that embodiment, Y represents disubstituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl.

In a second embodiment, Y represents optionally substituted aryl. In one aspect of that embodiment, Y represents unsubstituted aryl. In another aspect of that embodiment, Y represents monosubstituted aryl. In a further aspect of that embodiment, Y represents disubstituted aryl.

In a third embodiment, Y represents optionally substituted C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, Y represents unsubstituted C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl. In another aspect of that embodiment, Y represents monosubstituted C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl. In a further aspect of that embodiment, Y represents disubstituted C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl.

In a fourth embodiment, Y represents optionally substituted heteroaryl. In one aspect of that embodiment, Y represents unsubstituted heteroaryl. In another aspect of that embodiment, Y represents monosubstituted heteroaryl. In a further aspect of that embodiment, Y represents disubstituted heteroaryl.

Suitably, Y represents benzocyclobutenyl, phenyl, thienyl, thiazolyl or pyridinyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents. Appropriately, Y represents phenyl, thienyl or thiazolyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Appositely, Y represents phenyl, which may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Examples of optional substituents which may be present on the moiety Y include one, two or three substituents independently selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulfonyloxy, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, arylamino, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₃₋₆ heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, carboxy, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl and di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminosulfonyl.

Suitable examples of optional substituents on the moiety Y include halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl and difluoromethoxy.

Typical examples of optional substituents on the moiety Y include halogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl.

Examples of particular substituents on the moiety Y include fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano, nitro, methyl, isopropyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, methylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, methylsulfonyloxy, amino, methylamino, tert-butylamino, dimethylamino, phenylamino, acetylamino, methylsulfonylamino, formyl, acetyl, cyclopropylcarbonyl, azetidinylcarbonyl, pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, piperidinylcarbonyl, piperazinylcarbonyl, morpholinylcarbonyl, carboxy, methoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, methylaminocarbonyl, dimethylaminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, methylaminosulfonyl and dimethylaminosulfonyl.

Suitable examples of particular substituents on the moiety Y include fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl and difluoromethoxy.

Typical examples of particular substituents on the moiety Y include chloro and methyl.

Typical values of Y include benzocyclobutenyl, phenyl, fluorophenyl (including 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl and 4-fluorophenyl), chlorophenyl (including 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl and 4-chlorophenyl), difluorophenyl (including 2,6-difluorophenyl), (chloro)(fluoro)phenyl (including 5-chloro-2-fluorophenyl and 2-chloro-5-fluorophenyl), dichlorophenyl (including 2,5-dichlorophenyl and 2,6-dichlorophenyl), methylphenyl (including 4-methylphenyl), dimethylphenyl (including 2,5-dimethylphenyl and 2,6-dimethylphenyl), (trifluoromethyl)phenyl [including 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl], (chloro)(trifluoromethyl)phenyl [including 5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl], (methyl)-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl [including 2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl], bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl [including 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl], methoxyphenyl (including 2-methoxyphenyl), (difluoromethoxy)phenyl [including 2-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl and 3-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl], (difluoromethoxy)(fluoro)phenyl [including 2-(difluoromethoxy)-5-fluorophenyl and 2-(difluoromethoxy)-6-fluorophenyl], (chloro)(difluoromethoxy)phenyl [including 5-chloro-2-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl and 6-chloro-2-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl], (cyano)(difluoromethoxy)phenyl [including 6-cyano-2-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl], (trifluoromethoxy)phenyl [including 2-(trifluoromethoxy)-phenyl], methylsulfonyloxyphenyl, (amino)(chloro)phenyl (including 5-amino-2-chlorophenyl), methylthienyl (including 3-methylthien-2-yl), methylthiazolyl (including 2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl), (chloro)(methyl)thiazolyl (including 5-chloro-2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl), dimethylthiazolyl (including 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl) and pyridinyl (including pyridin-3-yl and pyridin-4-yl). Additional values include (bromo)(difluoromethoxy)phenyl [including 6-bromo-2-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl] and (bromo)(difluoromethoxy)(fluoro)phenyl [including 5-bromo-2-(difluoromethoxy)-6-fluorophenyl].

Selected values of Y include phenyl, dichlorophenyl, dimethylphenyl, (difluoromethoxy)phenyl, (difluoromethoxy)(fluoro)phenyl, methylsulfonyloxyphenyl, methylthienyl and dimethylthiazolyl.

Illustrative values of Y include phenyl, dichlorophenyl, dimethylphenyl, (difluoromethoxy)phenyl, (difluoromethoxy)(fluoro)phenyl, (bromo)(difluoromethoxy)-phenyl and (bromo)(difluoromethoxy)(fluoro)phenyl.

Suitable values of Y include phenyl, dichlorophenyl and dimethylphenyl.

In one embodiment, Y represents phenyl.

In another embodiment, Y represents 2,5-dichlorophenyl.

In another embodiment, Y represents 2,5-dimethylphenyl.

In a particular embodiment, Y represents 2-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl.

In another embodiment, Y represents (difluoromethoxy)(fluoro)phenyl.

In another embodiment, Y represents (bromo)(difluoromethoxy)phenyl.

In another embodiment, Y represents (bromo)(difluoromethoxy)(fluoro)phenyl.

In another embodiment, Y represents 3-methylthien-2-yl.

In another embodiment, Y represents 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl.

In one embodiment, Z represents hydrogen.

In another embodiment, Z is other than hydrogen.

In a selected embodiment, Z represents hydrogen; or Z represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; or Z represents —Z¹—Z² or —Z¹—C(O)—Z², either of which moieties may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

In a further embodiment, Z represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; or Z represents —Z¹—Z² or —Z¹—C(O)—Z², either of which moieties may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Suitably, Z represents hydrogen; or Z represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; or Z represents —Z¹—Z², which moiety may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Appropriately, Z represents hydrogen; or Z represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Typically, Z represents hydrogen, fluoro or trifluoromethyl; or Z represents methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolidinyl, indolinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, morpholinyl, azocanyl, thiazolinyl, furyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindazolyl, benzoxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]-pyrimidinyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, phthalazinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; or Z represents —Z¹—Z² or —Z¹—C(O)—Z², either of which moieties may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Appositely, Z represents hydrogen; or Z represents methyl, phenyl or pyridinyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents. The moiety Z′ represents a divalent radical derived from an aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl group, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents. Typically, the moiety Z′ represents a divalent radical derived from a phenyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl or pyridinyl group, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents. Typical values of the moiety Z′ include the groups of formula (Za), (Zb), (Zc), (Zd), (Ze), (Zf), (Zg), (Zh), (Zj) and (Zk):

wherein

the symbols # represent the points of attachment of the moiety Z¹ to the remainder of the molecule; and

the asterisks (*) represent the site of attachment of optional substituents.

Particular values of the moiety Z¹ include the groups of formula (Za), (Zc), (Ze), (Zf), (Zg), (Zh) and (Zj) as depicted above.

The moiety Z² represents aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents. Typically, Z² represents phenyl, pyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, morpholinyl, imidazolinyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl or pyridinyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Examples of optional substituents which may be present on the moiety Z, Z¹ or Z² include one, two or three substituents independently selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, oxo, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₃ alkylenedioxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, carboxy, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino and hydrazinocarbonyl.

Examples of particular substituents on the moiety Z, Z¹ or Z² include fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano, nitro, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, trifluoromethyl, oxo, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylenedioxy, methylthio, methylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, amino, methylamino, tert-butylamino, dimethylamino, dimethylaminomethyl, dimethylaminoethyl, acetylamino, methylsulfonylamino, formyl, acetyl, carboxy, methoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, methylaminocarbonyl, dimethylaminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, methylaminosulfonyl, dimethylaminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino and hydrazinocarbonyl.

Typical values of Z² include phenyl, hydroxyphenyl, oxopyrrolidinyl, dioxo-pyrrolidinyl, (hydroxy)(oxo)pyrrolidinyl, (amino)(oxo)pyrrolidinyl, (oxo)oxazolidinyl, oxoimidazolidinyl, morpholinyl, imidazolinyl, methylthiazolyl, formylthiazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl and pyridinyl.

Selected values of Z² include oxopyrrolidinyl and (oxo)oxazolidinyl. In one embodiment, Z² represents oxopyrrolidinyl. In another embodiment, Z² represents (oxo)oxazolidinyl.

Typical values of Z include hydrogen, fluoro, trifluoromethyl, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, oxo-cyclohexyl, phenyl, bromophenyl, cyanophenyl, nitrophenyl, methoxyphenyl, difluoromethoxyphenyl, trifluoromethoxyphenyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, methylsulfonylphenyl, dimethylaminophenyl, acetylaminophenyl, methylsulfonylaminophenyl, carboxyphenyl, aminocarbonylphenyl, methylaminocarbonylphenyl, dimethylaminocarbonylphenyl, aminocarbonylaminophenyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, oxopyrrolidinyl, dimethylamino-pyrrolidinyl, tert-butoxycarbonylpyrrolidinyl, indolinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, ethylpiperidinyl, tert-butoxycarbonylpiperidinyl, aminocarbonylpiperidinyl, 2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolinyl, morpholinyl, azocanyl, oxothiazolinyl, furyl, hydroxymethylfuryl, thienyl, methylpyrazolyl, dimethylpyrazolyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindazolyl, benzoxazolyl, methylisoxazolyl, dimethylisoxazolyl, methylthiazolyl, aminothiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, methylbenzothiazolyl, aminobenzothiazolyl, imidazolyl, methylimidazolyl, methyl-benzimidazolyl, dimethyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidinyl, dimethylaminoethyltetrazolyl, pyridinyl, fluoropyridinyl, chloropyridinyl, cyanopyridinyl, methylpyridinyl, (cyano)-(methyl)pyridinyl, trifluoromethylpyridinyl, oxopyridinyl, methoxypyridinyl, methylsulfonylpyridinyl, dimethylaminomethylpyridinyl, acetylaminopyridinyl, carboxypyridinyl, methoxycarbonylpyridinyl, aminocarbonylpyridinyl, (aminocarbonyl)(fluoro)-pyridinyl, methylaminocarbonylpyridinyl, dimethylaminocarbonylpyridinyl, hydrazino-carbonylpyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, (methyl)(oxo)phthalazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, oxopyrrolidinylphenyl, dioxopyrrolidinylphenyl, (hydroxy)(oxo)pyrrolidinylphenyl, (amino)(oxo)pyrrolidinylphenyl, (oxo)oxazolidinylphenyl, oxoimidazolidinyl-phenyl, imidazolinylphenyl, methylthiazolylphenyl, formylthiazolylphenyl, imidazolyl-phenyl, tetrazolylphenyl, phenylpyrrolidinyl, hydroxyphenylpiperazinyl, (methyl)-(phenyl)pyrazolyl, oxoimidazolidinylthiazolyl, hydroxyphenyltriazolyl, morpholinyl-tetrazolyl, oxopyrrolidinylpyridinyl, (oxo)oxazolidinylpyridinyl, oxoimidazolidinyl-pyridinyl, pyridinylthiazolyl, pyridinyltetrazolyl and morpholinylcarbonylphenyl.

Particular values of Z include hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, methylsulfonylphenyl, aminocarbonylphenyl, pyridinyl, methylsulfonylpyridinyl, aminocarbonylpyridinyl, oxopyrrolidinylphenyl, (hydroxy)(oxo)pyrrolidinylphenyl and (oxo)oxazolidinylphenyl.

Suitable values of Z include hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, aminocarbonylphenyl and aminocarbonylpyridinyl.

In a first embodiment, Z represents hydrogen. In a second embodiment, Z represents methyl. In a third embodiment, Z represents phenyl. In a fourth embodiment, Z represents methylsulfonylphenyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, Z represents 3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl. In another aspect of that embodiment, Z represents 4-(methyl-sulfonyl)phenyl. In a fifth embodiment, Z represents aminocarbonylphenyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, Z represents 4-(aminocarbonyl)phenyl. In a sixth embodiment, Z represents pyridinyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, Z represents pyridin-4-yl. In a seventh embodiment, Z represents aminocarbonylpyridinyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, Z represents 6-(aminocarbonyl)pyridin-3-yl. In an eighth embodiment, Z represents oxopyrrolidinylphenyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, Z represents 3-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl. In a ninth embodiment, Z represents (hydroxy)(oxo)pyrrolidinylphenyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, Z represents 3-(3-hydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl. In another aspect of that embodiment, Z represents 3-(4-hydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl. In a tenth embodiment, Z represents (oxo)oxazolidinylphenyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, Z represents 3-(2-oxo-oxazolidinyl-3-yl)phenyl. In an eleventh embodiment, Z represents methylsulfonylpyridinyl.

Suitably, R¹, R² or R³ independently represent hydrogen, halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, —OR^(a) or —CO₂R^(d); or C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-aryl-, heteroaryl-(C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₇)cycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₉)bicycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)hetero cyclo alkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-hetero aryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₉)heterobicycloalkyl-heteroaryl- or (C₄₋₉)spiroheterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Examples of optional substituents which may be present on R¹, R² or R³ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from halogen, halo(C₁₋₆)alkyl, cyano, cyano(C₁₋₆)alkyl, nitro, nitro(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, trifluoroethyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyloxy, C₁₋₃ alkylenedioxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, oxo, amino, amino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, C₁₋₆ alkoxyamino, (C₁₋₆)alkoxy(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, [(C₁₋₆)alkoxy](hydroxy)(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, [(C₁₋₆)alkylthio](hydroxy)(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N-[hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, N-[di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N-[hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl-(C₃₋₇)cycloalkylamino, (hydroxy)[(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, oxo(C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, (C₁₋₆)alkylheteroarylamino, heteroaryl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, (C₁₋₆)alkylhetero aryl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N—[(C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonyl]amino, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₃₋₆ alkenylcarbonylamino, bis[(C₃₋₆)alkenylcarbonyl]amino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N—[(C₃₋₇)cycloalkylcarbonyl]amino, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonylamino, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N—[(C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl]amino, bis[(C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl]amino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N-[carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkylamino, carboxy-(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkylcarbonyl, phenylcarbonyl, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonyloxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, morpholinyl(C₁₋₆)alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonylmethylidenyl, a carboxylic acid isostere or prodrug moiety Ω, —(C₁₋₆)alkyl-Ω, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, aminosulphonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino-sulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl and [(C₁₋₆)alkyl][N—(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-sulphoximinyl.

By the expression “carboxylic acid isostere or prodrug moiety” is meant any functional group, structurally distinct from a carboxylic acid moiety, that will be recognised by a biological system as being similar to, and thus capable of mimicking, a carboxylic acid moiety, or will be readily convertible by a biological system in vivo into a carboxylic acid moiety. A synopsis of some common carboxylic acid isosteres is presented by N. A. Meanwell in J. Med. Chem., 2011, 54, 2529-2591 (cf. in particular FIGS. 25 and 26). An alternative carboxylic acid isostere is described by N Pemberton et al. in ACS Med. Chem. Lett., 2012, 3, 574-578. Typical examples of suitable carboxylic acid isostere or prodrug moieties represented by Ω include the functional groups of formula (i) to (xliii):

wherein

the asterisk (*) represents the site of attachment to the remainder of the molecule;

n is zero, 1 or 2;

X represents oxygen or sulphur;

R^(f) represents hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl or —CH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH;

R^(g) represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃ or —CF₂CF₃;

R^(h) represents hydrogen, cyano or —CO₂R^(d), in which R^(d) is as defined above; and

R^(j) represents hydrogen or halogen.

In one embodiment, n is zero. In another embodiment, n is 1. In a further embodiment, n is 2.

In one embodiment, X represents oxygen. In another embodiment, X represents sulphur.

In one embodiment, R^(f) represents hydrogen. In another embodiment, R^(f) represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, especially methyl. In a further embodiment, R^(f) is —CH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH.

In one embodiment, R^(g) represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, especially methyl. In another embodiment, R^(g) represents trifluoromethyl, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃ or —CF₂CF₃. In a first aspect of that embodiment, R^(g) represents trifluoromethyl. In a second aspect of that embodiment, R^(g) represents —CH₂CH₂F. In a third aspect of that embodiment, R^(g) represents —CH₂CHF₂. In a fourth aspect of that embodiment, R^(g) represents —CH₂CF₃. In a fifth aspect of that embodiment, R^(g) represents —CF₂CF₃.

In one embodiment, R^(h) is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R^(h) represents cyano. In a further embodiment, R^(h) represents —CO₂R^(d), especially methoxycarbonyl.

In one embodiment, R^(j) represents hydrogen. In another embodiment, R^(j) represents halogen, especially chloro.

In a selected embodiment, Ω represents tetrazolyl, especially a C-linked tetrazolyl moiety of formula (xxiv) or (xxv) as depicted above, in particular a group of formula (xxiv) as depicted above.

In another embodiment, Ω represents C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylaminocarbonyl, i.e. a moiety of formula (iii) as depicted above wherein R^(g) represents C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In another embodiment, Ω represents C₁₋₆ alkylamino-sulphonyl, i.e. a moiety of formula (x) as depicted above wherein R^(g) represents C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In a further embodiment, Ω represents (C₁₋₆)alkylcarbonylaminosulphonyl, i.e. a moiety of formula (v) as depicted above wherein R^(g) represents C₁₋₆ alkyl.

Typical examples of optional substituents on R¹, R² or R³ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl and (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl.

Suitable examples of optional substituents on R¹, R² or R³ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl.

Examples of particular substituents on R¹, R² or R³ include fluoro, chloro, bromo, fluoromethyl, fluoroisopropyl, cyano, cyanoethyl, nitro, nitromethyl, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, trifluoroethyl, ethenyl, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyisopropyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, carboxycyclobutyloxy, methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, methylthio, methylsulphinyl, methylsulphonyl, methylsulphonylethyl, oxo, amino, aminomethyl, aminoisopropyl, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, hydroxypropylamino, (hydroxy)(methyl)propylamino, methoxyamino, methoxyethylamino, (hydroxy)-(methoxy)(methyl)propylamino, (hydroxy)(methylthio)butylamino, N-(hydroxyethyl)-N-(methyl)amino, dimethylaminoethylamino, (dimethylamino)(methyl)propylamino, N-(dimethylaminoethyl)-N-(hydroxyethyl)amino, hydroxymethylcyclopentylamino, hydroxycyclobutylmethylamino, (cyclopropyl)(hydroxy)propylamino, morpholinylethyl-amino, oxopyrrolidinylmethylamino, ethyloxadiazolylamino, methylthiadiazolylamino, thiazolylmethylamino, thiazolylethylamino, pyrimidinylmethylamino, methylpyrazolyl-methylamino, acetylamino, N-acetyl-N-methylamino, N-isopropylcarbonyl-N-methylamino, acetylaminomethyl, ethenylcarbonylamino, bis(ethenylcarbonyl)amino, N-cyclopropylcarbonyl-N-methylamino, methoxycarbonylamino, ethoxycarbonylamino, tert-butoxycarbonylamino, methoxycarbonylethylamino, ethylaminocarbonylamino, butylaminocarbonylamino, methylsulphonylamino, N-methyl-N-(methylsulphonyl)amino, bis(methylsulphonyl)amino, N-(carboxymethyl)-N-methylamino, N-(carboxyethyl)-N-methylamino, carboxycyclopentylamino, carboxycyclopropylmethylamino, formyl, acetyl, isopropylcarbonyl, cyclobutylcarbonyl, phenylcarbonyl, acetoxyisopropyl, carboxy, carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n-butoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylethyl, morpholinylethoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonylmethylidenyl, methylsulphonylaminocarbonyl, acetylaminosulphonyl, methoxyaminocarbonyl, tetrazolyl, tetrazolylmethyl, hydroxyoxadiazolyl, aminocarbonyl, methylaminocarbonyl, hydroxyethylaminocarbonyl, dimethylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylmethyl, aminosulphonyl, methylaminosulphonyl, dimethylaminosulphonyl, methylsulphoximinyl and (methyl)(N-methyl)sulphoximinyl.

Typical examples of particular substituents on R¹, R² or R³ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from methyl, hydroxy, hydroxyisopropyl and methylsulphoximinyl.

Suitable examples of particular substituents on R¹, R² or R³ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from methyl.

Typically, R¹ represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, —OR^(a) or —CO₂R^(d); or C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-aryl-, heteroaryl(C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)cyclo alkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-hetero aryl-, (C₄₋₇)cycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₉)bicycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)hetero cyclo alkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-hetero aryl-, (C₃₋₇)hetero cyclo alkenyl-hetero aryl-, (C₄₋₉)heterobicycloalkyl-heteroaryl- or (C₄₋₉)spiroheterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Suitably, R¹ represents halogen, cyano, —OR^(a) or —CO₂R^(d); or C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-aryl-, heteroaryl(C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₇)cycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₉)bicycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)hetero cyclo alkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-hetero aryl-, (C₃₋₇)hetero cyclo alkenyl-hetero aryl-, (C₄₋₉)heterobicycloalkyl-heteroaryl- or (C₄₋₉)spiroheterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Generally, R¹ represents halogen, cyano or —OR^(a); or C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-(C₁₋₆)alkyl-aryl-, hetero aryl(C₃₋₇)hetero cyclo alkyl-, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)cyclo alkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-hetero aryl-, (C₄₋₇)cycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₉)bicyclo alkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)hetero cyclo alkyl-hetero aryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₉)heterobicycloalkyl-heteroaryl- or (C₄₋₉)spiroheterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

More typically, R¹ represents hydrogen, halogen or —OR^(a); or R¹ represents heteroaryl or (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, either of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

More generally, R¹ represents hydrogen, halogen or —OR^(a); or R¹ represents heteroaryl, which group may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

In a first embodiment, R¹ represents hydrogen.

In a second embodiment, R¹ represents halogen. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents bromo. In another aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents chloro.

In a third embodiment, R¹ represents —OR^(a).

In a fourth embodiment, R¹ represents —CO₂Rd.

In a fifth embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted ethyl.

In a sixth embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted butyryl.

In a seventh embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted aryl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted phenyl.

In an eighth embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl.

In a ninth embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl.

In a tenth embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted heteroaryl. In selected aspects of that embodiment, R¹ represents benzofuryl, thienyl, indolyl, pyrazolyl, indazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

In an eleventh embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted (C₃₋₇)-heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-aryl-. In a first aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted pyrrolidinylmethylphenyl-. In a second aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted piperazinylmethylphenyl-.

In a twelfth embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted heteroaryl(C₃₋₇)-heterocycloalkyl-. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted pyridinylpiperazinyl-.

In a thirteenth embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-heteroaryl-. In a first aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted cyclohexylpyrazolyl-. In a second aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted cyclohexylpyridinyl-. In a third aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted cyclopropylpyrimidinyl-. In a fourth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted cyclobutylpyrimidinyl-. In a fifth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted cyclopentylpyrimidinyl-. In a sixth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted cyclohexylpyrimidinyl-. In a seventh aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted cyclohexylpyrazinyl-.

In a fourteenth embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted (C₄₋₇)-cycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-.

In a fifteenth embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted (C₃₋₇)-heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-. In a first aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted pyrrolidinylpyridinyl-. In a second aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted tetrahydropyranylpyridinyl-. In a third aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted piperidinylpyridinyl-. In a fourth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted piperazinylpyridinyl-. In a fifth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted morpholinylpyridinyl-. In a sixth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted thiomorpholinylpyridinyl-. In a seventh aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted diazepanylpyridinyl-. In an eighth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted oxetanylpyrimidinyl-. In a ninth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted azetidinylpyrimidinyl-. In a tenth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted tetrahydrofuranylpyrimidinyl-. In an eleventh aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted pyrrolidinylpyrimidinyl-. In a twelfth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted tetrahydropyranylpyrimidinyl-. In a thirteenth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted piperidinylpyrimidinyl-. In a fourteenth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted piperazinylpyrimidinyl-. In a fifteenth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted morpholinylpyrimidinyl-. In a sixteenth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted thiomorpholinylpyrimidinyl-. In a seventeenth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted azepanylpyrimidinyl-. In an eighteenth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted oxazepanylpyrimidinyl-. In a nineteenth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted diazepanylpyrimidinyl-. In a twentieth aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted thiadiazepanylpyrimidinyl-. In a twenty-first aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted oxetanylpyrazinyl-. In a twenty-second aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted piperidinylpyrazinyl-.

In a sixteenth embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted (C₃₋₇)-heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-heteroaryl-. In a first aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted morpholinylmethylthienyl-. In a second aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted morpholinylethylpyrazolyl-.

In a seventeenth embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted (C₃₋₇)-heterocycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-.

In an eighteenth embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted (C₄₋₉)-heterobicycloalkyl-heteroaryl-.

In a nineteenth embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted (C₄₋₉)-spiroheterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-.

In a twentieth embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-(C₁₋₆)alkyl-heteroaryl-. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted cyclohexylmethylpyrimidinyl-.

In a twenty-first embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted (C₄₋₉)-bicycloalkyl-heteroaryl-.

Appositely, R¹ represents hydrogen, chloro, bromo, cyano, —OR^(a) or —CO₂R^(d); or ethyl, butynyl, phenyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, benzofuryl, thienyl, indolyl, pyrazolyl, indazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrrolidinylmethylphenyl, piperazinylmethylphenyl, pyridinylpiperazinyl, cyclohexylpyrazolyl, cyclohexylpyridinyl, cyclopropylpyrimidinyl, cyclobutylpyrimidinyl, cyclopentylpyrimidinyl, cyclohexylpyrimidinyl, cyclohexylpyrazinyl, cyclohexylmethylpyrimidinyl, cyclohexenylpyridinyl, cyclohexenylpyrimidinyl, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyridinyl, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyrimidinyl, bicyclo[4.1.0]heptanylpyrimidinyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanylpyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinylpyridinyl, tetrahydropyranylpyridinyl, piperidinylpyridinyl, piperazinylpyridinyl, morpholinylpyridinyl, thiomorpholinylpyridinyl, diazepanylpyridinyl, oxetanylpyrimidinyl, azetidinylpyrimidinyl, tetrahydrofuranylpyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinylpyrimidinyl, tetrahydropyranylpyrimidinyl, piperidinylpyrimidinyl, piperazinylpyrimidinyl, hexahydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[2,3-a]-pyrazinylpyrimidinyl, morpholinylpyrimidinyl, thiomorpholinylpyrimidinyl, azepanylpyrimidinyl, oxazepanylpyrimidinyl, diazepanylpyrimidinyl, thiadiazepanylpyrimidinyl, oxetanylpyrazinyl, piperidinylpyrazinyl, morpholinylmethylthienyl, morpholinylethylpyrazolyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyridinyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyridazinyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanylpyrimidinyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanylpyrimidinyl, 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanylpyridinyl, 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanylpyrimidinyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanylpyrimidinyl, 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanylpyrimidinyl, 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanylpyrimidinyl, 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonanylpyrimidinyl, 3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanylpyrimidinyl, 5-azaspiro[2.3]hexanylpyrimidinyl, 5-azaspiro-[2.4]heptanylpyrimidinyl, 2-azaspiro[3.3]heptanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]-heptanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.4]octanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.5]-nonanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonanylpyrimidinyl or 2,4,8-triazaspiro[4.5]-decanylpyrimidinyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

More particularly, R¹ represents hydrogen, chloro or —OR^(a); or R¹ represents pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or cyclobutylpyrimidinyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Illustratively, R¹ represents hydrogen, chloro or —OR^(a); or R¹ represents pyrazolyl or pyridinyl, either of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Typical examples of optional substituents on R¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from halogen, halo(C₁₋₆)alkyl, cyano, cyano(C₁₋₆)alkyl, nitro(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, trifluoroethoxy, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyloxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, oxo, amino, amino-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, (C₁₋₆)alkoxy(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N-[hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N—[(C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl]amino, bis[(C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl]amino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N-[carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkylamino, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonyloxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, morpholinyl(C₁₋₆)alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl-methylidenyl, a carboxylic acid isostere or prodrug moiety Ω as defined herein, —(C₁₋₆)alkyl-Ω, aminocarbonyl, aminosulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl and [(C₁₋₆)alkyl][N—(C₁₋₆)alkyl]sulphoximinyl.

Selected examples of optional substituents on R¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl and (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl.

Suitable examples of optional substituents on R¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl.

Typical examples of particular substituents on R¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from fluoro, chloro, fluoromethyl, fluoroisopropyl, cyano, cyanoethyl, nitromethyl, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, ethenyl, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyisopropyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, trifluoroethoxy, carboxycyclobutyloxy, methylthio, methylsulphonyl, methylsulphonylethyl, oxo, amino, aminomethyl, aminoisopropyl, methylamino, dimethylamino, methoxyethylamino, N-(hydroxyethyl)-N-(methyl)amino, acetylaminomethyl, methylsulphonylamino, N-methyl-N-(methylsulphonyl)amino, bis(methylsulphonyl)amino, N-(carboxyethyl)-N-(methyl)amino, carboxycyclopentylamino, carboxycyclopropylmethylamino, formyl, acetyl, acetoxyisopropyl, carboxy, carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n-butoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylethyl, morpholinylethoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonylmethylidenyl, methylsulphonylaminocarbonyl, acetylaminosulphonyl, methoxyaminocarbonyl, tetrazolyl, tetrazolylmethyl, hydroxyoxadiazolyl, aminocarbonyl, aminosulphonyl, methylsulphoximinyl and (methyl)(N-methyl)sulphoximinyl.

Selected examples of particular substituents on R¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from methyl, hydroxy, hydroxyisopropyl and methylsulphoximinyl.

Suitable examples of particular substituents on R¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from methyl.

In a particular embodiment, R¹ is substituted by hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹ is substituted by hydroxyisopropyl, especially 2-hydroxyprop-2-yl. Selected values of R¹ include hydrogen, chloro, bromo, cyano, —OR^(a), —CO₂R^(d), methoxycarbonylethyl, ethoxycarbonylethyl, hydroxybutynyl, chlorophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, methylsulphonylphenyl, aminomethylphenyl, aminoisopropylphenyl, acetylaminomethylphenyl, acetylphenyl, methoxycarbonylphenyl, aminocarbonylphenyl, aminosulphonylphenyl, acetylaminosulphonylphenyl, (methoxycarbonyl)(methyl)-pyrrolidinyl, oxopiperidinyl, ethoxycarbonylpiperidinyl, methylsulphonylpiperazinyl, morpholinyl, methylsulphonyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, acetyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, methoxycarbonylmethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, benzofuryl, thienyl, indolyl, pyrazolyl, methylpyrazolyl, dimethylpyrazolyl, (methyl)[N-methyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)amino]pyrazolyl, methylindazolyl, dimethylisoxazolyl, hydroxyisopropylthiazolyl, methylimidazolyl, dimethylimidazolyl, pyridinyl, fluoropyridinyl, cyanopyridinyl, methylpyridinyl, (cyano)(methyl)pyridinyl, dimethylpyridinyl, trifluoromethylpyridinyl, ethenylpyridinyl, hydroxyisopropylpyridinyl, methoxypyridinyl, (methoxy)(methyl)pyridinyl, isopropoxypyridinyl, trifluoroethoxypyridinyl, (methyl)(trifluoroethoxy)pyridinyl, methylsulphonylpyridinyl, oxopyridinyl, (methyl)(oxo)pyridinyl, (dimethyl)(oxo)pyridinyl, aminopyridinyl, methylaminopyridinyl, dimethylaminopyridinyl, methoxyethylaminopyridinyl, N-(hydroxyethyl)-N-(methyl)aminopyridinyl, methylsulphonylaminopyridinyl, [bis(methylsulphonyl)amino]pyridinyl, carboxypyridinyl, quinolinyl, hydroxypyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, fluoroisopropylpyrimidinyl, hydroxyisopropylpyrimidinyl, methoxypyrimidinyl, carboxycyclobutyloxypyrimidinyl, methylthiopyrimidinyl, methylsulphonylpyrimidinyl, oxopyrimidinyl, aminopyrimidinyl, dimethylaminopyrimidinyl, methoxyethylaminopyrimidinyl, N-(carboxyethyl)-N-(methyl)aminopyrimidinyl, carboxycyclopentylaminopyrimidinyl, carboxycyclopropylmethylaminopyrimidinyl, acetoxyisopropylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonylethylpyrimidinyl, hydroxypyrazinyl, hydroxyisopropylpyrazinyl, pyrrolidinylmethylphenyl, piperazinylmethylphenyl, pyridinylpiperazinyl, carboxycyclohexylpyrazolyl, carboxycyclohexylpyridinyl, fluoromethylcyclopropylpyrimidinyl, acetylaminomethylcyclopropylpyrimidinyl, hydroxycyclobutylpyrimidinyl, carboxycyclopentylpyrimidinyl, carboxycyclohexylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)cyclohexylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(hydroxy)cyclohexylpyrimidinyl, carboxymethylcyclohexylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonylcyclohexylpyrimidinyl, (methoxycarbonyl)(methyl)cyclohexylpyrimidinyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)-(methyl)cyclohexylpyrimidinyl, carboxycyclohexylpyrazinyl, carboxycyclohexylmethylpyrimidinyl, carboxycyclohexenylpyridinyl, carboxycyclohexenylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonylcyclohexenylpyrimidinyl, carboxybicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyridinyl, carboxybicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyrimidinyl, carboxybicyclo[4.1.0]heptanylpyrimidinyl, carboxybicyclo[2.2.2]octanylpyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinylpyridinyl, hydroxypyrrolidinylpyridinyl, hydroxytetrahydropyranylpyridinyl, piperidinylpyridinyl, acetylpiperidinylpyridinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)piperidinylpyridinyl, [(carboxy)(methyl)piperidinyl](fluoro)pyridinyl, [(carboxy)(methyl)piperidinyl](chloro)pyridinyl, piperazinylpyridinyl, (methyl)-(piperazinyl)pyridinyl, cyanoethylpiperazinylpyridinyl, trifluoroethylpiperazinylpyridinyl, methylsulphonylpiperazinylpyridinyl, methylsulphonylethylpiperazinylpyridinyl, oxopiperazinylpyridinyl, acetylpiperazinylpyridinyl, (tert-butoxycarbonylpiperazinyl)-(methyl)pyridinyl, carboxymethylpiperazinylpyridinyl, carboxyethylpiperazinylpyridinyl, ethoxycarbonylmethylpiperazinylpyridinyl, ethoxycarbonylethylpiperazinylpyridinyl, morpholinylpyridinyl, thiomorpholinylpyridinyl, oxothiomorpholinylpyridinyl, dioxothiomorpholinylpyridinyl, oxodiazepanylpyridinyl, fluorooxetanylpyrimidinyl, hydroxyoxetanylpyrimidinyl, hydroxyazetidinylpyrimidinyl, (hydroxy)(methyl)-azetidinylpyrimidinyl, carboxyazetidinylpyrimidinyl, (tert-butoxycarbonyl)(hydroxy)-azetidinylpyrimidinyl, tetrazolylazetidinylpyrimidinyl, hydroxytetrahydrofuranylpyrimidinyl, hydroxypyrrolidinylpyrimidinyl, carboxypyrrolidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)pyrrolidinylpyrimidinyl, carboxymethylpyrrolidinylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonylpyrrolidinylpyrimidinyl, fluorotetrahydropyranylpyrimidinyl, hydroxytetrahydropyranylpyrimidinyl, difluoropiperidinylpyrimidinyl, (cyano)(methyl)-piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (hydroxy)(nitromethyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (hydroxy)-(methyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (hydroxy)(trifluoromethyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (hydroxymethyl)(methyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, methylsulphonylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, oxopiperidinylpyrimidinyl, (formyl)(methyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, carboxypiperidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(fluoro)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(ethyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(trifluoromethyl)-piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(hydroxy)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)-(hydroxymethyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(methoxy)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (amino)(carboxy)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, carboxymethylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, methoxycarbonylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)(fluoro)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (methoxycarbonyl)(methyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (ethyl)(methoxycarbonyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (isopropyl)-(methoxycarbonyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)(methyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (n-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)-(trifluoromethyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)(hydroxymethyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (methoxy)(methoxycarbonyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)-(methoxycarbonyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (methyl)(morpholinylethoxycarbonyl)-piperidinylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonylmethylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, methylsulphonylaminocarbonylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, acetylaminosulphonylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, methoxyaminocarbonylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, tetrazolylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, hydroxyoxadiazolylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, aminosulphonylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, piperazinylpyrimidinyl, methylsulphonylpiperazinylpyrimidinyl, oxopiperazinylpyrimidinyl, carboxypiperazinylpyrimidinyl, carboxyethylpiperazinylpyrimidinyl, tert-butoxycarbonylpiperazinylpyrimidinyl, tetrazolylmethylpiperazinylpyrimidinyl, trioxohexahydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyrazinylpyrimidinyl, morpholinylpyrimidinyl, dimethylmorpholinylpyrimidinyl, hydroxymethylmorpholinylpyrimidinyl, carboxymorpholinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)morpholinylpyrimidinyl, carboxymethylmorpholinylpyrimidinyl, thiomorpholinylpyrimidinyl, dioxothiomorpholinylpyrimidinyl, carboxyazepanylpyrimidinyl, carboxyoxazepanylpyrimidinyl, oxodiazepanylpyrimidinyl, (oxodiazepanyl)(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidinyl, (oxodiazepanyl)(methoxy)pyrimidinyl, (methyl)(oxo)diazepanylpyrimidinyl, dioxothiadiazepanylpyrimidinyl, hydroxyoxetanylpyrazinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)piperidinylpyrazinyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)(methyl)piperidinylpyrazinyl, morpholinylmethylthienyl, morpholinylethylpyrazolyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo-[3.1.0]hexanylpyridinyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyridazinyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyrimidinyl, methoxycarbonyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanylpyrimidinyl, carboxy-2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanylpyrimidinyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]-heptanylpyrimidinyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanylpyridinyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanylpyrimidinyl, methoxycarbonyl-3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonyl-3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanylpyrimidinyl, (hydroxy)(methyl)-(oxo)-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanylpyrimidinyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanylpyrimidinyl, methoxycarbonyl-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanylpyrimidinyl, oxo-8-azabicyclo-[3.2.1]octanylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonylmethylidenyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanylpyrimidinyl, 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanylpyrimidinyl, oxo-3,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]-nonanylpyrimidinyl, carboxy-3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanylpyrimidinyl, carboxy-5-azaspiro[2.3]hexanylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)-5-azaspiro[2.3]hexanylpyrimidinyl, carboxy-5-azaspiro[2.4]heptanylpyrimidinyl, carboxy-2-azaspiro[3.3]heptanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.4]octanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.5]nonanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonanylpyrimidinyl and (dioxo)(methyl)-2,4,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decanylpyrimidinyl. Additional values include methylsulphoximinylpyridinyl and (dihydroxy)(methyl)cyclobutylpyrimidinyl.

Typical values of R¹ include hydrogen, chloro, —OR^(a), methylpyrazolyl, pyridinyl, methylsulphoximinylpyridinyl, hydroxyisopropylpyrimidinyl and (dihydroxy)(methyl)-cyclobutylpyrimidinyl.

Illustrative values of R¹ include hydrogen, chloro, —OR^(a), methylpyrazolyl and pyridinyl.

Typically, R² represents hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl or —OR^(a); or R² represents optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl.

Typical examples of optional substituents on R² include C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl.

Typical examples of particular substituents on R² include ethoxycarbonyl.

In a first embodiment, R² represents hydrogen. In a second embodiment, R² represents halogen. In one aspect of that embodiment, R² represents fluoro. In another aspect of that embodiment, R² represents chloro. In a third embodiment, R² represents trifluoromethyl. In a fourth embodiment, R² represents —OR^(a). In a fifth embodiment, R² represents optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R² represents unsubstituted methyl. In another aspect of that embodiment, R² represents unsubstituted ethyl. In a further aspect of that embodiment, R² represents monosubstituted methyl or monosubstituted ethyl.

Typical values of R² include hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, —OR^(a), methyl and ethoxycarbonylethyl.

Typically, R³ represents hydrogen, halogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In a first embodiment, R³ represents hydrogen. In a second embodiment, R³ represents halogen. In one aspect of that embodiment, R³ represents fluoro. In a third embodiment, R³ represents C₁₋₆ alkyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R³ represents methyl. In another aspect of that embodiment, R³ represents ethyl.

Suitably, R⁴ represents hydrogen or methyl.

In a first embodiment, R⁴ represents hydrogen. In a second embodiment, R⁴ represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, especially methyl.

Suitably, R⁵ represents hydrogen, methyl or ethyl.

In a first embodiment, R⁵ represents hydrogen. In a second embodiment, R⁵ represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, especially methyl or ethyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R⁵ represents methyl. In another aspect of that embodiment, R⁵ represents ethyl.

Typical examples of suitable substituents on R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), R^(d) or R^(e), or on the heterocyclic moiety —NR^(b)R^(c), include halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, amino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, cyano, trifluoromethyl, oxo, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, carboxy, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyloxy, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, phenylamino, pyridinylamino, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl and di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl.

Typical examples of specific substituents on R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), R^(d) or R^(e), or on the heterocyclic moiety —NR^(b)R^(c), include fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methoxymethyl, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulphinyl, methylsulphonyl, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, aminomethyl, cyano, trifluoromethyl, oxo, acetyl, carboxy, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, acetoxy, amino, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, phenylamino, pyridinylamino, acetylamino, tert-butoxycarbonylamino, acetylaminomethyl, methylsulphonylamino, aminocarbonyl, methylaminocarbonyl and dimethylaminocarbonyl.

Suitably, Ra represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl or heteroaryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Selected values of R^(a) include methyl, ethyl, benzyl and isoindolylpropyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Selected examples of suitable substituents on R^(a) include C₁₋₆ alkoxy and oxo.

Selected examples of specific substituents on R^(a) include methoxy and oxo.

In one embodiment, R^(a) represents optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R^(a) ideally represents unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, especially methyl. In another aspect of that embodiment, R^(a) ideally represents substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, e.g. methoxyethyl. In another embodiment, R^(a) represents optionally substituted aryl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R^(a) represents unsubstituted aryl, especially phenyl. In another aspect of that embodiment, R^(a) represents monosubstituted aryl, especially methylphenyl. In another embodiment, R^(a) represents optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, ideally unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, especially benzyl. In a further embodiment, R^(a) represents optionally substituted heteroaryl. In a further embodiment, R^(a) represents optionally substituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, e.g. dioxoisoindolylpropyl.

Specific values of R^(a) include methyl, methoxyethyl, benzyl and dioxoisoindolylpropyl.

In a particular aspect, R^(b) represents hydrogen or trifluoromethyl; or C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, aryl, aryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Selected values of R^(b) include hydrogen; or C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl or C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Typical values of R^(b) include hydrogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl.

Illustratively, R^(b) represents hydrogen or trifluoromethyl; or methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, 2-methylpropyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, phenyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, azetidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydrothienyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, homopiperidinyl, morpholinyl, azetidinylmethyl, tetrahydrofurylmethyl, pyrrolidinylmethyl, pyrrolidinylethyl, pyrrolidinylpropyl, thiazolidinylmethyl, imidazolidinylethyl, piperidinylmethyl, piperidinylethyl, tetrahydroquinolinylmethyl, piperazinylpropyl, morpholinylmethyl, morpholinylethyl, morpholinylpropyl, pyridinyl, indolylmethyl, pyrazolylmethyl, pyrazolylethyl, imidazolylmethyl, imidazolylethyl, benzimidazolylmethyl, triazolylmethyl, pyridinylmethyl or pyridinylethyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Representative values of R^(b) include hydrogen; or methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, benzyl, pyrrolidinyl or morpholinylpropyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Selected examples of suitable substituents on R^(b) include C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, hydroxy, cyano, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, di-(C₁₋₆)alkylamino and C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonylamino.

Selected examples of specific substituents on R^(b) include methoxy, methylthio, methylsulphinyl, methylsulphonyl, hydroxy, cyano, tert-butoxycarbonyl, dimethylamino and tert-butoxycarbonylamino.

Specific values of R^(b) include hydrogen, methyl, methoxyethyl, methylthioethyl, methylsulphinylethyl, methylsulphonylethyl, hydroxyethyl, cyanoethyl, dimethylaminoethyl, tert-butoxycarbonylaminoethyl, dihydroxypropyl, benzyl, pyrrolidinyl, tert-butoxycarbonylpyrrolidinyl and morpholinylpropyl.

In one embodiment, R^(b) represents hydrogen. In another embodiment, R^(b) represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, especially methyl.

Selected values of Rc include hydrogen; or C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl or C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

In a particular aspect, Rc represents hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl.

Representative values of R^(c) include hydrogen; or methyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, tetrahydropyranyl and piperidinyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Selected examples of suitable substituents on Rc include C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl and C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl.

Selected examples of specific substituents on R^(c) include acetyl and tert-butoxycarbonyl.

Specific values of R^(c) include hydrogen, methyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, tetrahydropyranyl, acetylpiperidinyl and tert-butoxycarbonylpiperidinyl,

Suitably, R^(c) represents hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl. In one embodiment, Rc is hydrogen. In another embodiment, Rc represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, especially methyl or ethyl, particularly methyl. In a further embodiment, Rc represents C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, e.g. cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.

Alternatively, the moiety —NR^(b)R^(c) may suitably represent azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, oxazolidin-3-yl, isoxazolidin-2-yl, thiazolidin-3-yl, isothiazolidin-2-yl, piperidin-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, thiomorpholin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, homopiperidin-1-yl, homomorpholin-4-yl or homopiperazin-1-yl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Selected examples of suitable substituents on the heterocyclic moiety —NR^(b)R^(c) include C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, amino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, cyano, oxo, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, carboxy, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, amino, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino and aminocarbonyl.

Selected examples of specific substituents on the heterocyclic moiety —NR^(b)R^(c) include methyl, methylsulphonyl, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, aminomethyl, cyano, oxo, acetyl, carboxy, ethoxycarbonyl, amino, acetylamino, acetylaminomethyl, tert-butoxycarbonylamino, methylsulphonylamino and aminocarbonyl.

Specific values of the moiety —NR^(b)R^(c) include azetidin-1-yl, hydroxyazetidin-1-yl, hydroxymethylazetidin-1-yl, (hydroxy)(hydroxymethyl)azetidin-1-yl, aminomethyl-azetidin-1-yl, cyanoazetidin-1-yl, carboxyazetidin-1-yl, aminoazetidin-1-yl, aminocarbonylazetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, aminomethylpyrrolidin-1-yl, oxopyrrolidin-1-yl, acetylaminomethylpyrrolidin-1-yl, tert-butoxycarbonylaminopyrrolidin-1-yl, oxooxazolidin-3-yl, hydroxyisoxazolidin-2-yl, thiazolidin-3-yl, oxothiazolidin-3-yl, dioxo-isothiazolidin-2-yl, piperidin-1-yl, hydroxypiperidin-1-yl, hydroxymethylpiperidin-1-yl, aminopiperidin-1-yl, acetylaminopiperidin-1-yl, tert-butoxycarbonylaminopiperidin-1-yl, methylsulphonylaminopiperidin-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, methylpiperazin-1-yl, methylsulphonylpiperazin-1-yl, oxopiperazin-1-yl, acetylpiperazin-1-yl, ethoxycarbonylpiperazin-1-yl and oxohomopiperazin-1-yl.

Suitably, R^(d) represents hydrogen; or C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Selected examples of suitable values for R^(d) include hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, 2-methylpropyl, tert-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, phenyl, thiazolidinyl, thienyl, imidazolyl and thiazolyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Selected examples of suitable substituents on R^(d) include halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, oxo, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyloxy and di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino.

Selected examples of particular substituents on R^(d) include fluoro, methyl, methoxy, oxo, acetoxy and dimethylamino.

In one embodiment, R^(d) represents hydrogen. In another embodiment, R^(d) represents optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R^(d) ideally represents unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, e.g. methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, 2-methylpropyl or tert-butyl, especially methyl. In another aspect of that embodiment, R^(d) ideally represents substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, e.g. substituted methyl or substituted ethyl, including acetoxymethyl, dimethylaminomethyl and trifluoroethyl. In another embodiment, R^(d) represents optionally substituted aryl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R^(d) represents unsubstituted aryl, especially phenyl. In another aspect of that embodiment, R^(d) represents monosubstituted aryl, especially methylphenyl. In a further aspect of that embodiment, R^(d) represents disubstituted aryl, e.g. dimethoxyphenyl. In a further embodiment, R^(d) represents optionally substituted heteroaryl, e.g. thienyl, chlorothienyl, methylthienyl, methylimidazolyl or thiazolyl. In another embodiment, R^(d) represents optionally substituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, e.g. cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl. In a further embodiment, R^(d) represents optionally substituted C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, e.g. thiazolidinyl or oxothiazolidinyl.

Selected examples of specific values for R^(d) include hydrogen, methyl, acetoxymethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, ethyl, trifluoroethyl, isopropyl, 2-methylpropyl, tert-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, phenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, thiazolidinyl, oxothiazolidinyl, thienyl, chlorothienyl, methylthienyl, methylimidazolyl and thiazolyl.

Suitably, R^(e) represents C₁₋₆ alkyl or aryl, either of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Selected examples of suitable substituents on R^(e) include C₁₋₆ alkyl, especially methyl.

In one embodiment, R^(e) represents optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, ideally unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, e.g. methyl or propyl, especially methyl. In another embodiment, R^(e) represents optionally substituted aryl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R^(e) represents unsubstituted aryl, especially phenyl. In another aspect of that embodiment, R^(e) represents monosubstituted aryl, especially methylphenyl. In a further embodiment, R^(e) represents optionally substituted heteroaryl.

Selected values of R^(e) include methyl, propyl and methylphenyl.

One sub-class of compounds according to the invention is represented by the compounds of formula (IIA) and N-oxides thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, and glucuronide derivatives thereof, and co-crystals thereof:

wherein

R¹¹ represents hydrogen, halogen or —OR^(a); or R¹¹ represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-aryl-, heteroaryl(C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)cyclo alkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-hetero aryl-, (C₄₋₇)cycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₉)bicycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)hetero cyclo alkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-hetero aryl-, (C₃₋₇)hetero cyclo alkenyl-hetero aryl-, (C₄₋₉)heterobicycloalkyl-heteroaryl- or (C₄₋₉)spiroheterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents;

R¹² represents represents hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl or optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl;

R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ independently represent hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, arylamino, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₃₋₆ heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, carboxy, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl or di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminosulfonyl; and

E, Q, Z and Ra are as defined above.

Examples of optional substituents which may be present on R¹¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from halogen, halo(C₁₋₆)alkyl, cyano, cyano(C₁₋₆)alkyl, nitro, nitro(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, trifluoroethyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyloxy, C₁₋₃ alkylenedioxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, oxo, amino, amino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, C₁₋₆ alkoxyamino, (C₁₋₆)alkoxy(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, [(C₁₋₆)alkoxy](hydroxy)(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, [(C₁₋₆)alkylthio](hydroxy)(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N-[hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, N-[di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N-[hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl-(C₃₋₇)cycloalkylamino, (hydroxy)[(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, oxo(C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, (C₁₋₆)alkylheteroarylamino, heteroaryl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, (C₁₋₆)alkylheteroaryl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N—[(C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonyl]amino, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₃₋₆ alkenylcarbonylamino, bis[(C₃₋₆)alkenylcarbonyl]amino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N—[(C₃₋₇)cycloalkylcarbonyl]amino, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonylamino, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N—[(C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl]amino, bis[(C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl]amino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N-[carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkylamino, carboxy-(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkylcarbonyl, phenylcarbonyl, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonyloxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, morpholinyl(C₁₋₆)alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonylmethylidenyl, a carboxylic acid isostere or prodrug moiety Ω as defined herein, —(C₁₋₆)alkyl-Ω, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, aminosulphonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino-sulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl and [(C₁₋₆)alkyl][N—(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-sulphoximinyl.

Examples of particular substituents on R¹¹ include fluoro, chloro, bromo, fluoromethyl, fluoroisopropyl, cyano, cyanoethyl, nitro, nitromethyl, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, trifluoroethyl, ethenyl, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyisopropyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, carboxycyclobutyloxy, methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, methylthio, methylsulphinyl, methylsulphonyl, methylsulphonylethyl, oxo, amino, aminomethyl, aminoisopropyl, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, hydroxypropylamino, (hydroxy)(methyl)propylamino, methoxyamino, methoxyethylamino, (hydroxy)-(methoxy)(methyl)propylamino, (hydroxy)(methylthio)butylamino, N-(hydroxyethyl)-N-(methyl)amino, dimethylaminoethylamino, (dimethylamino)(methyl)propylamino, N-(dimethylaminoethyl)-N-(hydroxyethyl)amino, hydroxymethylcyclopentylamino, hydroxycyclobutylmethylamino, (cyclopropyl)(hydroxy)propylamino, morpholinylethyl-amino, oxopyrrolidinylmethylamino, ethyloxadiazolylamino, methylthiadiazolylamino, thiazolylmethylamino, thiazolylethylamino, pyrimidinylmethylamino, methylpyrazolyl-methylamino, acetylamino, N-acetyl-N-methylamino, N-isopropylcarbonyl-N-methylamino, acetylaminomethyl, ethenylcarbonylamino, bis(ethenylcarbonyl)amino, N-cyclopropylcarbonyl-N-methylamino, methoxycarbonylamino, ethoxycarbonylamino, tert-butoxycarbonylamino, methoxycarbonylethylamino, ethylaminocarbonylamino, butylaminocarbonylamino, methylsulphonylamino, N-methyl-N-(methylsulphonyl)amino, bis(methylsulphonyl)amino, N-(carboxymethyl)-N-methylamino, N-(carboxyethyl)-N-methylamino, carboxycyclopentylamino, carboxycyclopropylmethylamino, formyl, acetyl, isopropylcarbonyl, cyclobutylcarbonyl, phenylcarbonyl, acetoxyisopropyl, carboxy, carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n-butoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylethyl, morpholinylethoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonylmethylidenyl, methylsulphonylaminocarbonyl, acetylaminosulphonyl, methoxyaminocarbonyl, tetrazolyl, tetrazolylmethyl, hydroxyoxadiazolyl, aminocarbonyl, methylaminocarbonyl, hydroxyethylaminocarbonyl, dimethylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylmethyl, aminosulphonyl, methylaminosulphonyl, dimethylaminosulphonyl, methylsulphoximinyl and (methyl)(N-methyl)sulphoximinyl.

Generally, R¹¹ represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-aryl-, heteroaryl-(C₃₋₇)hetero cyclo alkyl-, (C₃₋₇)cyclo alkyl-hetero aryl-, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₇)cycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₉) bicycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)hetero cyclo alkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-hetero aryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₉)heterobicycloalkyl-heteroaryl- or (C₄₋₉)spiroheterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

More typically, R¹¹ represents hydrogen, halogen or —OR^(a); or R¹¹ represents heteroaryl or (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, either of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

More generally, R¹¹ represents hydrogen, halogen or —OR^(a); or R¹¹ represents heteroaryl, which group may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

In a first embodiment, R¹¹ represents hydrogen.

In a second embodiment, R¹¹ represents halogen. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents bromo. In another aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents chloro.

In a third embodiment, R¹¹ represents —OR^(a).

In a fourth embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted ethyl.

In a fifth embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted butynyl.

In a sixth embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted aryl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted phenyl.

In a seventh embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl.

In an eighth embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl.

In a ninth embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted heteroaryl. In selected aspects of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents benzofuryl, thienyl, indolyl, pyrazolyl, indazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

In a tenth embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted (C₃₋₇)-heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-aryl-. In a first aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted pyrrolidinylmethylphenyl-. In a second aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted piperazinylmethylphenyl-.

In an eleventh embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted heteroaryl(C₃₋₇)-heterocycloalkyl-. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted pyridinylpiperazinyl-.

In a twelfth embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-heteroaryl-. In a first aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted cyclohexylpyrazolyl-. In a second aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted cyclohexylpyridinyl-. In a third aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted cyclopropylpyrimidinyl-. In a fourth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted cyclobutylpyrimidinyl-. In a fifth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted cyclopentylpyrimidinyl-. In a sixth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted cyclohexylpyrimidinyl-. In a seventh aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted cyclohexylpyrazinyl-.

In a thirteenth embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted (C₄₋₇)cycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-.

In a fourteenth embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted (C₃₋₇)-heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-. In a first aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted pyrrolidinylpyridinyl-. In a second aspect of that embodiment, R¹ represents optionally substituted tetrahydropyranylpyridinyl-. In a third aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted piperidinylpyridinyl-. In a fourth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted piperazinylpyridinyl-. In a fifth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted morpholinylpyridinyl-. In a sixth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted thiomorpholinylpyridinyl-. In a seventh aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted diazepanylpyridinyl-. In an eighth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted oxetanylpyrimidinyl-. In a ninth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted azetidinylpyrimidinyl-. In a tenth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted tetrahydrofuranylpyrimidinyl-. In an eleventh aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted pyrrolidinylpyrimidinyl-. In a twelfth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted tetrahydropyranylpyrimidinyl-. In a thirteenth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted piperidinylpyrimidinyl-. In a fourteenth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted piperazinylpyrimidinyl-. In a fifteenth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted morpholinylpyrimidinyl-. In a sixteenth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted thiomorpholinylpyrimidinyl-. In a seventeenth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted azepanylpyrimidinyl-. In an eighteenth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted oxazepanylpyrimidinyl-. In a nineteenth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted diazepanylpyrimidinyl-. In a twentieth aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted thiadiazepanylpyrimidinyl-. In a twenty-first aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted oxetanylpyrazinyl-. In a twenty-second aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted piperidinylpyrazinyl-.

In a fifteenth embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted (C₃₋₇)-heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-heteroaryl-. In a first aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted morpholinylmethylthienyl-. In a second aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted morpholinylethylpyrazolyl-.

In a sixteenth embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted (C₃₋₇)-heterocycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-.

In a seventeenth embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted (C₄₋₉)-heterobicycloalkyl-heteroaryl-.

In an eighteenth embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted (C₄₋₉)-spiroheterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-.

In a nineteenth embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted (C₃₋₇)-cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-heteroaryl-. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted cyclohexylmethylpyrimidinyl-.

In a twentieth embodiment, R¹¹ represents optionally substituted (C₄₋₉)-bicycloalkyl-heteroaryl-.

Appositely, R¹¹ represents hydrogen, chloro, bromo or —OR^(a); or R¹¹ represents ethyl, butynyl, phenyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, benzofuryl, thienyl, indolyl, pyrazolyl, indazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrrolidinylmethylphenyl, piperazinylmethylphenyl, pyridinylpiperazinyl, cyclohexylpyrazolyl, cyclohexylpyridinyl, cyclopropylpyrimidinyl, cyclobutylpyrimidinyl, cyclopentylpyrimidinyl, cyclohexylpyrimidinyl, cyclohexylpyrazinyl, cyclohexylmethylpyrimidinyl, cyclohexenylpyridinyl, cyclohexenylpyrimidinyl, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyridinyl, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyrimidinyl, bicyclo[4.1.0]heptanylpyrimidinyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanylpyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinylpyridinyl, tetrahydropyranylpyridinyl, piperidinylpyridinyl, piperazinylpyridinyl, morpholinylpyridinyl, thiomorpholinylpyridinyl, diazepanylpyridinyl, oxetanylpyrimidinyl, azetidinylpyrimidinyl, tetrahydrofuranylpyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinylpyrimidinyl, tetrahydropyranylpyrimidinyl, piperidinylpyrimidinyl, piperazinylpyrimidinyl, hexahydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[2,3-a]-pyrazinylpyrimidinyl, morpholinylpyrimidinyl, thiomorpholinylpyrimidinyl, azepanylpyrimidinyl, oxazepanylpyrimidinyl, diazepanylpyrimidinyl, thiadiazepanylpyrimidinyl, oxetanylpyrazinyl, piperidinylpyrazinyl, morpholinylmethylthienyl, morpholinylethylpyrazolyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyridinyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyridazinyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanylpyrimidinyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanylpyrimidinyl, 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanylpyridinyl, 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanylpyrimidinyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanylpyrimidinyl, 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanylpyrimidinyl, 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanylpyrimidinyl, 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonanylpyrimidinyl, 3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanylpyrimidinyl, 5-azaspiro[2.3]hexanylpyrimidinyl, 5-azaspiro[2.4]heptanylpyrimidinyl, 2-azaspiro[3.3]heptanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.4]octanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.5]nonanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonanylpyrimidinyl or 2,4,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decanylpyrimidinyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

More particularly, R¹¹ represents hydrogen, chloro or —OR^(a); or R¹¹ represents pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or cyclobutylpyrimidinyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Illustratively, R¹¹ represents hydrogen, chloro or —OR^(a); or R¹¹ represents pyrazolyl or pyridinyl, either of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Typical examples of optional substituents on R¹¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from halogen, halo(C₁₋₆)alkyl, cyano, cyano(C₁₋₆)alkyl, nitro(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, trifluoroethoxy, earboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyloxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, oxo, amino, amino-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, (C₁₋₆)alkoxy(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N-[hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N—[(C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl]amino, bis[(C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl]amino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N-[carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkylamino, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonyloxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, morpholinyl(C₁₋₆)alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl-methylidenyl, a carboxylic acid isostere or prodrug moiety Ω as defined herein, —(C₁₋₆)alkyl-Ω, aminocarbonyl, aminosulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl and [(C₁₋₆)alkyl][N—(C₁₋₆)alkyl]sulphoximinyl.

Selected examples of optional substituents on R¹¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl and (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl.

Suitable examples of optional substituents on R¹¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl.

Typical examples of particular substituents on R¹¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from fluoro, chloro, fluoromethyl, fluoroisopropyl, cyano, cyanoethyl, nitromethyl, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, ethenyl, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyisopropyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, trifluoroethoxy, carboxycyclobutyloxy, methylthio, methylsulphonyl, methylsulphonylethyl, oxo, amino, aminomethyl, aminoisopropyl, methylamino, dimethylamino, methoxyethylamino, N-(hydroxyethyl)-N-(methyl)amino, acetylaminomethyl, methylsulphonylamino, N-methyl-N-(methylsulphonyl)amino, bis(methylsulphonyl)amino, N-(carboxyethyl)-N-(methyl)amino, carboxycyclopentylamino, carboxycyclopropylmethylamino, formyl, acetyl, acetoxyisopropyl, carboxy, carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n-butoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylethyl, morpholinylethoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonylmethylidenyl, methylsulphonylaminocarbonyl, acetylaminosulphonyl, methoxyaminocarbonyl, tetrazolyl, tetrazolylmethyl, hydroxyoxadiazolyl, aminocarbonyl, aminosulphonyl, methylsulphoximinyl and (methyl)(N-methyl)sulphoximinyl.

Selected examples of particular substituents on R¹¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from methyl, hydroxy, hydroxyisopropyl and methylsulphoximinyl.

Suitable examples of particular substituents on R¹¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from methyl.

In a particular embodiment, R¹¹ is substituted by hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹¹ is substituted by hydroxyisopropyl, especially 2-hydroxyprop-2-yl.

Selected values of R¹¹ include hydrogen, chloro, bromo, —OR^(a), methoxycarbonylethyl, ethoxycarbonylethyl, hydroxybutynyl, chlorophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, methylsulphonylphenyl, aminomethylphenyl, aminoisopropylphenyl, acetylaminomethylphenyl, acetylphenyl, methoxycarbonylphenyl, aminocarbonylphenyl, aminosulphonylphenyl, acetylaminosulphonylphenyl, (methoxycarbonyl)(methyl)pyrrolidinyl, oxopiperidinyl, ethoxycarbonylpiperidinyl, methylsulphonylpiperazinyl, morpholinyl, methylsulphonyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, acetyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, methoxycarbonylmethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, benzofuryl, thienyl, indolyl, pyrazolyl, methylpyrazolyl, dimethylpyrazolyl, (methyl)[N-methyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)amino]pyrazolyl, methylindazolyl, dimethylisoxazolyl, hydroxyisopropylthiazolyl, methylimidazolyl, dimethylimidazolyl, pyridinyl, fluoropyridinyl, cyanopyridinyl, methylpyridinyl, (cyano)(methyl)pyridinyl, dimethylpyridinyl, trifluoromethylpyridinyl, ethenylpyridinyl, hydroxyisopropylpyridinyl, methoxypyridinyl, (methoxy)(methyl)pyridinyl, isopropoxypyridinyl, trifluoroethoxypyridinyl, (methyl)-(trifluoroethoxy)pyridinyl, methylsulphonylpyridinyl, oxopyridinyl, (methyl)(oxo)-pyridinyl, (dimethyl)(oxo)pyridinyl, aminopyridinyl, methylaminopyridinyl, dimethylaminopyridinyl, methoxyethylaminopyridinyl, N-(hydroxyethyl)-N-(methyl)aminopyridinyl, methylsulphonylaminopyridinyl, [bis(methylsulphonyl)amino]pyridinyl, carboxypyridinyl, quinolinyl, hydroxypyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, fluoroisopropylpyrimidinyl, hydroxyisopropylpyrimidinyl, methoxypyrimidinyl, carboxycyclobutyloxypyrimidinyl, methylthiopyrimidinyl, methylsulphonylpyrimidinyl, oxopyrimidinyl, aminopyrimidinyl, dimethylaminopyrimidinyl, methoxyethylaminopyrimidinyl, N-(c arboxy ethyl)-N-(methyl)aminopyrimidinyl, carboxycyclopentylaminopyrimidinyl, carboxycyclopropylmethylaminopyrimidinyl, acetoxyisopropylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonylethylpyrimidinyl, hydroxypyrazinyl, hydroxyisopropylpyrazinyl, pyrrolidinylmethylphenyl, piperazinylmethylphenyl, pyridinylpiperazinyl, carboxycyclohexylpyrazolyl, carboxycyclohexylpyridinyl, fluoromethylcyclopropylpyrimidinyl, acetylaminomethylcyclopropylpyrimidinyl, hydroxycyclobutylpyrimidinyl, carboxycyclopentylpyrimidinyl, carboxycyclohexylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)cyclohexylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(hydroxy)cyclohexylpyrimidinyl, carboxymethylcyclohexylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonylcyclohexylpyrimidinyl, (methoxycarbonyl)(methyl)-cyclohexylpyrimidinyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)(methyl)cyclohexylpyrimidinyl, carboxycyclohexylpyrazinyl, carboxycyclohexylmethylpyrimidinyl, carboxycyclohexenylpyridinyl, carboxycyclohexenylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonylcyclohexenylpyrimidinyl, carboxybicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyridinyl, carboxybicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyrimidinyl, carboxybicyclo[4.1.0]heptanylpyrimidinyl, carboxybicyclo[2.2.2]octanylpyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinylpyridinyl, hydroxypyrrolidinylpyridinyl, hydroxytetrahydropyranylpyridinyl, pip eridinylpyridinyl, acetylpiperidinylpyridinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)piperidinylpyridinyl, [(carboxy)(methyl)-piperidinyl](fluoro)pyridinyl, [(carboxy)(methyl)piperidinyl](chloro)pyridinyl, piperazinylpyridinyl, (methyl)(piperazinyl)pyridinyl, cyanoethylpiperazinylpyridinyl, trifluoroethylpiperazinylpyridinyl, methylsulphonylpiperazinylpyridinyl, methylsulphonylethylpiperazinylpyridinyl, oxopiperazinylpyridinyl, acetylpiperazinylpyridinyl, (tert-butoxycarbonylpiperazinyl)(methyl)pyridinyl, carboxymethylpiperazinylpyridinyl, carboxyethylpiperazinylpyridinyl, ethoxycarbonylmethylpiperazinylpyridinyl, ethoxycarbonylethylpiperazinylpyridinyl, morpholinylpyridinyl, thiomorpholinylpyridinyl, oxothiomorpholinylpyridinyl, dioxothiomorpholinylpyridinyl, oxodiazepanylpyridinyl, fluorooxetanylpyrimidinyl, hydroxyoxetanylpyrimidinyl, hydroxyazetidinylpyrimidinyl, (hydroxy)(methyl)azetidinylpyrimidinyl, carboxyazetidinylpyrimidinyl, (tert-butoxycarbonyl)(hydroxy)azetidinylpyrimidinyl, tetrazolylazetidinylpyrimidinyl, hydroxytetrahydrofuranylpyrimidinyl, hydroxypyrrolidinylpyrimidinyl, carboxypyrrolidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)pyrrolidinylpyrimidinyl, carboxymethylpyrrolidinylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonylpyrrolidinylpyrimidinyl, fluorotetrahydropyranylpyrimidinyl, hydroxytetrahydropyranylpyrimidinyl, difluoropiperidinylpyrimidinyl, (cyano)(methyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (hydroxy)(nitromethyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (hydroxy)(methyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (hydroxy)(trifluoromethyl)-piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (hydroxymethyl)(methyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, methylsulphonylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, oxopiperidinylpyrimidinyl, (formyl)(methyl)-piperidinylpyrimidinyl, carboxypiperidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(fluoro)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(ethyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(trifluoromethyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(hydroxy)-piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(hydroxymethyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)-(methoxy)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (amino)(carboxy)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, carboxymethylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, methoxycarbonylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)(fluoro)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (methoxycarbonyl)(methyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (ethyl)(methoxycarbonyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (isopropyl)(methoxycarbonyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)-(methyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (n-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)(trifluoromethyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)-(hydroxymethyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (methoxy)(methoxycarbonyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(methoxycarbonyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, (methyl)-(morpholinylethoxycarbonyl)piperidinylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonylmethylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, methylsulphonylaminocarbonylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, acetylaminosulphonylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, methoxyaminocarbonylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, tetrazolylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, hydroxyoxadiazolylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, aminosulphonylpiperidinylpyrimidinyl, piperazinylpyrimidinyl, methylsulphonylpiperazinylpyrimidinyl, oxopiperazinylpyrimidinyl, carboxypiperazinylpyrimidinyl, carboxyethylpiperazinylpyrimidinyl, tert-butoxycarbonylpiperazinylpyrimidinyl, tetrazolylmethylpiperazinylpyrimidinyl, trioxohexahydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyrazinylpyrimidinyl, morpholinylpyrimidinyl, dimethylmorpholinylpyrimidinyl, hydroxymethylmorpholinylpyrimidinyl, carboxymorpholinylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)morpholinylpyrimidinyl, carboxymethylmorpholinylpyrimidinyl, thiomorpholinylpyrimidinyl, dioxothiomorpholinylpyrimidinyl, carboxyazepanylpyrimidinyl, carboxyoxazepanylpyrimidinyl, oxodiazepanylpyrimidinyl, (oxodiazepanyl)(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidinyl, (oxodiazepanyl)(methoxy)pyrimidinyl, (methyl)(oxo)diazepanylpyrimidinyl, dioxothiadiazepanylpyrimidinyl, hydroxyoxetanylpyrazinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)piperidinylpyrazinyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)(methyl)piperidinylpyrazinyl, morpholinylmethylthienyl, morpholinylethylpyrazolyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyridinyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyridazinyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyrimidinyl, methoxycarbonyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanylpyrimidinyl, carboxy-2-oxa-5-azabicyclo-[2.2.1]heptanylpyrimidinyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanylpyrimidinyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanylpyridinyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanylpyrimidinyl, methoxycarbonyl-3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonyl-3-azabicyclo-[4.1.0]heptanylpyrimidinyl, (hydroxy)(methyl)(oxo)-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanylpyrimidinyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanylpyrimidinyl, methoxycarbonyl-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanylpyrimidinyl, oxo-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanylpyrimidinyl, ethoxycarbonylmethylidenyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanylpyrimidinyl, 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo-[3.2.1]octanylpyrimidinyl, oxo-3,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonanylpyrimidinyl, carboxy-3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanylpyrimidinyl, carboxy-5-azaspiro[2.3]hexanylpyrimidinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)-5-azaspiro[2.3]hexanylpyrimidinyl, carboxy-5-azaspiro[2.4]heptanylpyrimidinyl, carboxy-2-azaspiro[3.3]heptanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.4]octanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.5]nonanylpyrimidinyl, 2-oxa-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonanylpyrimidinyl and (dioxo)(methyl)-2,4,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decanylpyrimidinyl. Additional values include methylsulphoximinylpyridinyl and (dihydroxy)(methyl)cyclobutylpyrimidinyl.

Typical values of R¹¹ include hydrogen, chloro, —OR^(a), methylpyrazolyl, pyridinyl, methylsulphoximinylpyridinyl, hydroxyisopropylpyrimidinyl and (dihydroxy)(methyl)-cyclobutylpyrimidinyl.

Illustrative values of R¹¹ include hydrogen, chloro, —OR^(a), methylpyrazolyl and pyridinyl.

Typical examples of optional substituents on R′² include C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl.

Typical examples of particular substituents on R′² include ethoxycarbonyl.

In a first embodiment, R¹² represents hydrogen. In a second embodiment, R¹² represents halogen. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹² represents fluoro. In another aspect of that embodiment, R¹² represents chloro. In a third embodiment, R¹² represents trifluoromethyl. In a fourth embodiment, R¹² represents optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹² represents unsubstituted methyl. In another aspect of that embodiment, R¹² represents unsubstituted ethyl. In a further aspect of that embodiment, R¹² represents monosubstituted methyl or monosubstituted ethyl.

Typical values of R¹² include hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, methyl and ethoxycarbonylethyl.

Typically, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ may independently represent hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano, nitro, methyl, isopropyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, methylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, amino, methylamino, tert-butylamino, dimethylamino, phenylamino, acetylamino, methylsulfonylamino, formyl, acetyl, cyclopropylcarbonyl, azetidinylcarbonyl, pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, piperidinylcarbonyl, piperazinylcarbonyl, morpholinylcarbonyl, carboxy, methoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, methylaminocarbonyl, dimethylaminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, methylaminosulfonyl and dimethylaminosulfonyl.

Typical values of R¹⁵ include hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, difluoromethoxy and trifluoromethoxy.

Suitable values of R¹⁵ include hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl and difluoromethoxy.

Illustrative values of R¹⁵ include hydrogen, halogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In a first embodiment, R¹⁵ represents hydrogen. In a second embodiment, R¹⁵ represents halogen. In a first aspect of that embodiment, R¹⁵ represents fluoro. In a second aspect of that embodiment, R¹⁵ represents chloro. In a third aspect of that embodiment, R¹⁵ represents bromo. In a third embodiment, R¹⁵ represents C₁₋₆ alkyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹⁵ represents methyl. In a fourth embodiment, R¹⁵ represents trifluoromethyl. In a fifth embodiment, R¹⁵ represents C₁₋₆ alkoxy. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹⁵ represents methoxy. In a sixth embodiment, R¹⁵ represents difluoromethoxy. In a seventh embodiment, R¹⁵ represents trifluoromethoxy.

Selected values of R¹⁵ include hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, methyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy and trifluoromethoxy. Additional values include bromo.

Representative values of R¹⁵ include hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl and difluoromethoxy.

Particular values of R¹⁵ include hydrogen, chloro and methyl.

Typical values of R¹⁶ include hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy and amino.

Suitable values of R¹⁶ include hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl and difluoromethoxy.

Illustrative values of R¹⁶ include hydrogen, halogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In a first embodiment, R¹⁶ represents hydrogen. In a second embodiment, R¹⁶ represents halogen. In a first aspect of that embodiment, R¹⁶ represents fluoro. In a second aspect of that embodiment, R¹⁶ represents chloro. In a third aspect of that embodiment, R¹⁶ represents bromo. In a third embodiment, R¹⁶ represents cyano. In a fourth embodiment, R¹⁶ represents C₁₋₆ alkyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R¹⁶ represents methyl. In a fifth embodiment, R¹⁶ represents trifluoromethyl. In a sixth embodiment, R¹⁶ represents difluoromethoxy. In a seventh embodiment, R¹⁶ represents amino.

Selected values of R¹⁶ include hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, cyano, methyl, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy and amino.

Representative values of R¹⁶ include hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl and difluoromethoxy.

Particular values of R¹⁶ include hydrogen, chloro and methyl.

In a particular embodiment, R¹⁶ is attached at the para-position of the phenyl ring relative to the integer R¹⁵.

A particular sub-group of the compounds of formula (IIA) above is represented by the compounds of formula (IIB) and N-oxides thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, and glucuronide derivatives thereof, and co-crystals thereof:

wherein

V represents C—R²² or N;

R²¹ represents hydrogen, halogen, halo(C₁₋₆)alkyl, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, (C₁₋₆)alkoxy-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-oxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, amino, amino-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, (C₁₋₆)alkoxy(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)-alkyl]-N-[hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonylamino-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N-[carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkylamino, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonyloxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, morpholinyl(C₁₋₆)alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl-methylidenyl, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, aminosulphonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino-sulphonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino-sulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl or [(C₁₋₆)alkyl][N—(C₁₋₆)alkyl]sulphoximinyl; or R²¹ represents (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, (C₄₋₇)cycloalkenyl, (C₄₋₉)bicycloalkyl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkenyl, (C₄₋₉)heterobicycloalkyl or (C₄₋₉)spiroheterocycloalkyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents;

R²² represents hydrogen, halogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl;

R²³ represents hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxy; and

E, Q, Z, R¹², R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are as defined above.

In one embodiment, V represents C—R²². In another embodiment, V represents N.

Typically, R²¹ represents hydrogen, halogen, halo(C₁₋₆)alkyl, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, trifluoroethoxy, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyloxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, (C₁₋₆)alkoxy(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N-[hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-amino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N-[carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkylamino, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonyl-oxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, carboxy, morpholinyl(C₁₋₆)alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonylmethylidenyl; or R²¹ represents (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, (C₄₋₇)cycloalkenyl, (C₄₋₉)bicycloalkyl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl, (C₄₋₉)heterobicycloalkyl or (C₄₋₉)spiroheterocycloalkyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents. Additionally, R²¹ may represent (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl.

More typically, R²¹ represents hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl or (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl; or R²¹ represents (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl, which group may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Where R²¹ represents an optionally substituted (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl group, typical values include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Where R²¹ represents an optionally substituted (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl group, a typical value is cyclohexylmethyl, which group may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Where R²¹ represents an optionally substituted (C₄₋₇)cycloalkenyl group, typical values include cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl and cycloheptenyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Where R²¹ represents an optionally substituted (C₄₋₉)bicycloalkyl group, typical values include bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, bicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl and bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Where R²¹ represents an optionally substituted (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl group, typical values include oxetanyl, azetidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, hexahydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[2,3-c]pyrazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, azepanyl, oxazepanyl, diazepanyl and thiadiazepanyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Where R²¹ represents an optionally substituted (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkenyl group, a typical value is optionally substituted 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl.

Where R²¹ represents an optionally substituted (C₄₋₉)heterobicycloalkyl group, typical values include 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl, 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl, 2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, quinuclidinyl, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 8-azabicyclo-[3.2.1]octanyl, 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonanyl, 3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanyl and 3,9-diazabicyclo-[4.2.1]nonanyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Where R²¹ represents an optionally substituted (C₄₋₉)spiroheterocycloalkyl group, typical values include 5-azaspiro[2.3]hexanyl, 5-azaspiro[2.4]heptanyl, 2-azaspiro[3.3]-heptanyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.4]octanyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro-[3.5]nonanyl, 2-oxa-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonanyl and 2,4,8-triazaspiro[4.5]-decanyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Illustratively, R²¹ represents hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, methoxy, carboxycyclobutyloxy, methylthio, methylsulphonyl, methylamino, N-[carboxyethyl]-N-methylamino, carboxycyclopentylamino, carboxycyclopropylmethylamino or ethoxycarbonylethyl; or R²¹ represents cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexenyl, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, bicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]-octanyl, oxetanyl, azetidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, hexahydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyrazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, azepanyl, oxazepanyl, diazepanyl, thiadiazepanyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]-hexanyl, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl, 3-azabicyclo-[4.1.0]heptanyl, 2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 8-azabicyclo-[3.2.1]octanyl, 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonanyl, 3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanyl, 5-azaspiro[2.3]hexanyl, 5-azaspiro[2.4]heptanyl or 2-azaspiro-[3.3]heptanyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents. Additionally, R²¹ may represent (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl.

More particularly, R²¹ represents hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl or (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl; or R²¹ represents cyclobutyl, which group may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.

Examples of optional substituents which may be present on R²¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from halogen, halo(C₁₋₆)alkyl, cyano, cyano-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, nitro, nitro(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, oxo, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonylamino-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, morpholinyl-(C₁₋₆)alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonylmethylidenyl, a carboxylic acid isostere or prodrug moiety Ω as defined herein, —(C₁₋₆)alkyl-Ω, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, aminosulphonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino-sulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl and [(C₁₋₆)alkyl][N—(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-sulphoximinyl.

Typical examples of optional substituents on R²¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and hydroxy.

Suitable examples of particular substituents on R²¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from fluoro, fluoromethyl, chloro, bromo, cyano, cyanomethyl, cyanoethyl, nitro, nitromethyl, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, ethenyl, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, methylthio, methylsulphonyl, methylsulphonylmethyl, methylsulphonylethyl, oxo, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino, acetylamino, acetylaminomethyl, methoxycarbonylamino, ethoxycarbonylamino, tert-butoxycarbonylamino, methylsulphonylamino, formyl, acetyl, carboxy, carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n-butoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, morpholinylethoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylethyl, ethoxycarbonylmethylidenyl, acetylaminosulphonyl, methoxyaminocarbonyl, tetrazolyl, tetrazolylmethyl, hydroxyoxadiazolyl, aminocarbonyl, methylaminocarbonyl, dimethylaminocarbonyl, methylsulphonylaminocarbonyl, aminosulphonyl, methylaminosulphonyl, dimethylaminosulphonyl, methylsulphoximinyl and (methyl)(N-methyl)sulphoximinyl.

Typical examples of particular substituents on R²¹ include one, two or three substituents independently selected from methyl and hydroxy.

Suitably, R²¹ represents hydrogen, fluoro, fluoroisopropyl, cyano, methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethenyl, hydroxy, hydroxyisopropyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, trifluoroethoxy, carboxycyclobutyloxy, methylthio, methylsulphonyl, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino, methoxyethylamino, N-(hydroxyethyl)-N-(methyl)amino, N-[carboxyethyl]-N-methylamino, carboxycyclopentylamino, carboxycyclopropylmethylamino, methylsulphonylamino, acetoxyisopropyl, carboxy, ethoxycarbonylethyl, fluoromethyl-cyclopropyl, acetylaminomethylcyclopropyl, hydroxycyclobutyl, carboxycyclopentyl, carboxycyclohexyl, (carboxy)(methyl)cyclohexyl, (carboxy)(hydroxy)cyclohexyl, carboxymethylcyclohexyl, ethoxycarbonylcyclohexyl, (methoxycarbonyl)(methyl)-cyclohexyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)(methyl)cyclohexyl, carboxycyclohexylmethyl, carboxy-cyclohexenyl, ethoxycarbonylcyclohexenyl, carboxybicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, ethoxycarbonylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, carboxybicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl, carboxybicyclo-[2.2.2]octanyl, fluorooxetanyl, hydroxyoxetanyl, hydroxyazetidinyl, (hydroxy)(methyl)-azetidinyl, carboxyazetidinyl, (tert-butoxycarbonyl)(hydroxy)azetidinyl, tetrazolyl-azetidinyl, hydroxytetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolidinyl, hydroxypyrrolidinyl, carboxy-pyrrolidinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)pyrrolidinyl, carboxymethylpyrrolidinyl, ethoxycarbonyl-pyrrolidinyl, fluorotetrahydropyranyl, hydroxytetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, difluoro-piperidinyl, (cyano)(methyl)piperidinyl, (hydroxy)(nitromethyl)piperidinyl, (hydroxy)-(methyl)piperidinyl, (hydroxy)(trifluoromethyl)piperidinyl, (hydroxymethyl)(methyl)-piperidinyl, methylsulphonylpiperidinyl, oxopiperidinyl, (formyl)(methyl)piperidinyl, acetylpiperidinyl, carboxypiperidinyl, (carboxy)(fluoro)piperidinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)-piperidinyl, (carboxy)(ethyl)piperidinyl, (carboxy)(trifluoromethyl)piperidinyl, (carboxy)-(hydroxy)piperidinyl, (carboxy)(hydroxymethyl)piperidinyl, (carboxy)(methoxy)-piperidinyl, (amino)(carboxy)piperidinyl, carboxymethylpiperidinyl, methoxycarbonyl-piperidinyl, (methoxycarbonyl)(methyl)piperidinyl, (ethyl)(methoxycarbonyl)piperidinyl, (isopropyl)(methoxycarbonyl)piperidinyl, (methoxy)(methoxycarbonyl)piperidinyl, (carboxy)(methoxycarbonyl)piperidinyl, ethoxycarbonylpiperidinyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)-(fluoro)piperidinyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)(methyl)piperidinyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)(trifluoromethyl)piperidinyl, (ethoxycarbonyl)(hydroxymethyl)piperidinyl, (n-butoxycarbonyl)-(methyl)piperidinyl, (methyl)(morpholinylethoxycarbonyl)piperidinyl, ethoxycarbonyl-methylpiperidinyl, methylsulphonylaminocarbonylpiperidinyl, acetylaminosulphonyl-piperidinyl, methoxyaminocarbonylpiperidinyl, tetrazolylpiperidinyl, hydroxyoxadiazolyl-piperidinyl, aminosulphonylpiperidinyl, piperazinyl, cyanoethylpiperazinyl, trifluoroethyl-piperazinyl, methylsulphonylpiperazinyl, methylsulphonylethylpiperazinyl, oxopiperazinyl, acetylpiperazinyl, carboxypiperazinyl, tert-butoxycarbonylpiperazinyl, carboxymethylpiperazinyl, carboxyethylpiperazinyl, ethoxycarbonylmethylpiperazinyl, ethoxycarbonylethylpiperazinyl, tetrazolylmethylpiperazinyl, trioxohexahydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[2,3-c]pyrazinyl, morpholinyl, dimethylmorpholinyl, hydroxymethyl-morpholinyl, carboxymorpholinyl, (carboxy)(methyl)morpholinyl, carboxymethyl-morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, oxothiomorpholinyl, dioxothiomorpholinyl, carboxy-azepanyl, carboxyoxazepanyl, oxodiazepanyl, (methyl)(oxo)diazepanyl, dioxo-thiadiazepanyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, (carboxy)(methyl)-3-azabicyclo-[3.1.0]hexanyl, methoxycarbonyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, ethoxycarbonyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, carboxy-2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo-[4.1.0]heptanyl, methoxycarbonyl-3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl, ethoxycarbonyl-3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl, (hydroxy)(methyl)(oxo)-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, carboxy-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, methoxycarbonyl-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, oxo-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, ethoxycarbonylmethylidenyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, oxo-3,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonanyl, carboxy-3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanyl, carboxy-5-azaspiro[2.3]hexanyl, (carboxy)(methyl)-5-azaspiro-[2.3]hexanyl, carboxy-5-azaspiro[2.4]heptanyl, carboxy-2-azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.4]octanyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.5]nonanyl, 2-oxa-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonanyl or (dioxo)(methyl)-2,4,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decanyl. Additional values include methylsulphoximinyl and (dihydroxy)(methyl)cyclobutyl.

Selected values of R²¹ include hydroxyisopropyl, methylsulphoximinyl and (dihydroxy)(methyl)cyclobutyl.

In a particular embodiment, R²¹ represents hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R²¹ represents hydroxyisopropyl, especially 2-hydroxyprop-2-yl.

Generally, R²² represents hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl.

Suitably, R²² represents hydrogen, chloro or methyl.

Typically, R²² represents hydrogen or methyl.

In one embodiment, R²² represents hydrogen. In another embodiment, R²² represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, especially methyl. In a further embodiment, R²² represents halogen. In one aspect of that embodiment, R²² represents fluoro. In another aspect of that embodiment, R²² represents chloro.

Generally, R²³ represents hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl.

Suitably, R²³ represents hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl or methoxy.

Typically, R²³ represents hydrogen or methyl.

In one embodiment, R²³ represents hydrogen. In another embodiment, R²³ represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, especially methyl. In a further embodiment, R²³ represents trifluoromethyl. In an additional embodiment, R²³ represents C₁₋₆ alkoxy, especially methoxy.

Particular sub-groups of the compounds of formula (IIB) above are represented by the compounds of formula (IIC), (IID), (IIE), (IIF), (IIG), (IIH), (Ill), (IIK) and (IIL), and N-oxides thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, and glucuronide derivatives thereof, and co-crystals thereof:

wherein

T represents —CH₂— or —CH₂CH₂—;

U represents C(O) or S(O)₂;

W represents O, S, S(O), S(O)₂, S(O)(NR⁵), N(R³¹) or C(R³²)(R³³);

-   -   -M- represents —CH₂— or —CH₂CH₂—;

R³¹ represents hydrogen, cyano(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, a carboxylic acid isostere or prodrug moiety Ω, —(C₁₋₆)alkyl-Ω, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, aminosulphonyl or di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino-sulphonyl;

R³² represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, aminosulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl, [(C₁₋₆)alkyl][N—(C₁₋₆)alkyl]sulphoximinyl, a carboxylic acid isostere or prodrug moiety Ω, or —(C₁₋₆)alkyl-Ω;

R³³ represents hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, hydroxy-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino or carboxy;

R³⁴ represents hydrogen, halogen, halo(C₁₋₆)alkyl, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonylamino or (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl; and

V, E, Q, Z, R⁵, R¹², R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²³ and Ω are as defined above.

In a first embodiment, T represents —CH₂—. In a second embodiment, T represents —CH₂CH₂—.

In a first embodiment, U represents C(O). In a second embodiment, U represents S(O)₂.

Generally, W represents O, S(O)₂, N(R³¹) or C(R³²)(R³³).

Typically, W represents O, N(R³¹) or C(R³²)(R³³).

In a first embodiment, W represents O. In a second embodiment, W represents S.

In a third embodiment, W represents S(O). In a fourth embodiment, W represents S(O)₂. In a fifth embodiment, W represents S(O)(NR⁵). In a sixth embodiment, W represents N(R³¹). In a seventh embodiment, W represents C(R³²)(R³³).

In one embodiment, -M- represents —CH₂—. In another embodiment, -M- represents —CH₂CH₂—.

Typically, R³¹ represents hydrogen, cyano(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, tetrazolyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, aminosulphonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino-sulphonyl or di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino-sulphonyl.

Typical values of R³¹ include hydrogen, cyanoethyl, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, methylsulphonyl, methylsulphonylethyl, formyl, acetyl, carboxy, carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylethyl, tetrazolylmethyl, aminocarbonyl, methylamino-carbonyl, dimethylaminocarbonyl, aminosulphonyl, methylaminosulphonyl and dimethylaminosulphonyl.

Generally, R³² represents halogen, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, a carboxylic acid isostere or prodrug moiety Ω, or —(C₁₋₆)alkyl-Ω.

Typically, R³² represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, formyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, aminosulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl, [(C₁₋₆)alkyl][N—(C₁₋₆)alkyl]sulphoximinyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonylamino carbonyl, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonylaminosulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkoxyaminocarbonyl, tetrazolyl or hydroxyoxadiazolyl.

Typical values of R³² include hydrogen, fluoro, cyano, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, methylsulphonyl, formyl, carboxy, carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonylmethyl, methoxycarbonylethyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylethyl, aminosulphonyl, methylsulphoximinyl, (methyl)(N-methyl)sulphoximinyl, methylsulphonylaminocarbonyl, acetylaminosulphonyl, methoxyaminocarbonyl, tetrazolyl and hydroxyoxadiazolyl.

In a particular embodiment, R³² represents hydroxy.

In a selected embodiment, R³² represents carboxy.

Generally, R³³ represents hydrogen, halogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl.

Suitably, R³³ represents hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl.

Selected values of R³³ include hydrogen, fluoro, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, methoxy, amino and carboxy.

Selected values of R³³ include hydrogen and methyl.

In a first embodiment, R³³ represents hydrogen. In a second embodiment, R³³ represents halogen. In one aspect of that embodiment, R³³ represents fluoro. In a third embodiment, R³³ represents C₁₋₆ alkyl. In a first aspect of that embodiment, R³³ represents methyl. In a second aspect of that embodiment, R³³ represents ethyl. In a third aspect of that embodiment, R³³ represents isopropyl. In a fourth embodiment, R³³ represents trifluoromethyl. In a fifth embodiment, R³³ represents hydroxy. In a sixth embodiment, R³³ represents hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R³³ represents hydroxymethyl. In a seventh embodiment, R³³ represents C₁₋₆ alkoxy. In one aspect of that embodiment, R³³ represents methoxy. In an eighth embodiment, R³³ represents amino. In a ninth embodiment, R³³ represents carboxy.

In a first embodiment, R³⁴ represents hydrogen. In a second embodiment, R³⁴ represents halogen. In one aspect of that embodiment, R³⁴ represents fluoro. In a third embodiment, R³⁴ represents halo(C₁₋₆)alkyl. In one aspect of that embodiment, R³⁴ represents fluoromethyl. In a fourth embodiment, R³⁴ represents hydroxy. In a fifth embodiment, R³⁴ represents C₁₋₆ alkoxy, especially methoxy. In a sixth embodiment, R³⁴ represents C₁₋₆ alkylthio, especially methylthio. In a seventh embodiment, R³⁴ represents C₁₋₆ alkylsulphinyl, especially methylsulphinyl. In an eighth embodiment, R³⁴ represents C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, especially methylsulphonyl. In a ninth embodiment, R³⁴ represents amino. In a tenth embodiment, R³⁴ represents C₁₋₆ alkylamino, especially methylamino. In an eleventh embodiment, R³⁴ represents di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, especially dimethylamino. In a twelfth embodiment, R³⁴ represents (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonylamino, especially acetylamino. In a thirteenth embodiment, R³⁴ represents (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, especially acetylaminomethyl. In a fourteenth embodiment, R³⁴ represents (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonylamino, especially methylsulphonylamino. In a fifteenth embodiment, R³⁴ represents (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, especially methylsulphonylaminomethyl.

Typically, R³⁴ represents hydrogen, halogen, halo(C₁₋₆)alkyl, hydroxy or (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl.

Selected values of R³⁴ include hydrogen, fluoro, fluoromethyl, hydroxy, methoxy, methylthio, methylsulphinyl, methylsulphonyl, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino and acetylaminomethyl.

Particular values of R³⁴ include hydrogen, fluoro, fluoromethyl, hydroxy and acetylaminomethyl.

Suitably, R³⁴ represents hydrogen or hydroxy.

An alternative sub-class of compounds according to the invention is represented by the compounds of formula (IIM) and N-oxides thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, and glucuronide derivatives thereof, and co-crystals thereof:

wherein

E, Q, Z, W, R¹², R¹⁵, R¹⁶ and R²¹ are as defined above.

With specific reference to formula (IIM), the integer W is suitably O, S or N—R³¹, especially S or N—R³¹.

Specific novel compounds in accordance with the present invention include each of the compounds whose preparation is described in the accompanying Examples, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, and co-crystals thereof.

The compounds in accordance with the present invention are beneficial in the treatment and/or prevention of various human ailments. These include autoimmune and inflammatory disorders; neurological and neurodegenerative disorders; pain and nociceptive disorders; cardiovascular disorders; metabolic disorders; ocular disorders; and oncological disorders.

Inflammatory and autoimmune disorders include systemic autoimmune disorders, autoimmune endocrine disorders and organ-specific autoimmune disorders. Systemic autoimmune disorders include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriasis, psoriatic arthropathy, vasculitis, polymyositis, scleroderma, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, non-specific inflammatory arthritis, juvenile inflammatory arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (including oligoarticular and polyarticular forms thereof), anaemia of chronic disease (ACD), Still's disease (juvenile and/or adult onset), Behcet's disease and Sjogren's syndrome. Autoimmune endocrine disorders include thyroiditis. Organ-specific autoimmune disorders include Addison's disease, haemolytic or pernicious anaemia, acute kidney injury (AKI; including cisplatin-induced AKI), diabetic nephropathy (DN), obstructive uropathy (including cisplatin-induced obstructive uropathy), glomerulonephritis (including Goodpasture's syndrome, immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis), lupus nephritis (LN), minimal change disease, Graves' disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis and pouchitis), pemphigus, atopic dermatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune pneumonitis, autoimmune carditis, myasthenia gravis, spontaneous infertility, osteoporosis, osteopenia, erosive bone disease, chondritis, cartilage degeneration and/or destruction, fibrosing disorders (including various forms of hepatic and pulmonary fibrosis), asthma, rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, fever, muscular dystrophy (including Duchenne muscular dystrophy) and organ transplant rejection (including kidney allograft rejection).

Neurological and neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, ischaemia, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord injury, head trauma, seizures and epilepsy.

Cardiovascular disorders include thrombosis, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, irregular contractility of the heart (e.g. during heart failure), and sexual disorders (including erectile dysfunction and female sexual dysfunction). Modulators of TNFα function may also be of use in the treatment and/or prevention of myocardial infarction (see J. J. Wu et al., JAMA, 2013, 309, 2043-2044).

Metabolic disorders include diabetes (including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and juvenile diabetes), dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome.

Ocular disorders include retinopathy (including diabetic retinopathy, proliferative retinopathy, non-proliferative retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity), macular oedema (including diabetic macular oedema), age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), vascularisation (including corneal vascularisation and neovascularisation), retinal vein occlusion, and various forms of uveitis and keratitis.

Oncological disorders, which may be acute or chronic, include proliferative disorders, especially cancer, and cancer-associated complications (including skeletal complications, cachexia and anaemia). Particular categories of cancer include haematological malignancy (including leukaemia and lymphoma) and non-haematological malignancy (including solid tumour cancer, sarcoma, meningioma, glioblastoma multiforme, neuroblastoma, melanoma, gastric carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma). Chronic leukaemia may be myeloid or lymphoid. Varieties of leukaemia include lymphoblastic T cell leukaemia, chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic/lymphoid leukaemia (CLL), hairy-cell leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic neutrophilic leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic T cell leukaemia, plasmacytoma, immunoblastic large cell leukaemia, mantle cell leukaemia, multiple myeloma, acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia, acute megakaryocytic leukaemia, promyelocytic leukaemia and erythroleukaemia. Varieties of lymphoma include malignant lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphoblastic T cell lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, MALT 1 lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma. Varieties of non-haematological malignancy include cancer of the prostate, lung, breast, rectum, colon, lymph node, bladder, kidney, pancreas, liver, ovary, uterus, cervix, brain, skin, bone, stomach and muscle. Modulators of TNFα function may also be used to increase the safety of the potent anticancer effect of TNF (see F. V. Hauwermeiren et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2013, 123, 2590-2603).

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound in accordance with the invention as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, in association with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

Pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may take a form suitable for oral, buccal, parenteral, nasal, topical, ophthalmic or rectal administration, or a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, tablets, lozenges or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g. pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose); fillers (e.g. lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogenphosphate); lubricants (e.g. magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g. potato starch or sodium glycollate); or wetting agents (e.g. sodium lauryl sulphate). The tablets may be coated by methods well known in the art. Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles or preservatives. The preparations may also contain buffer salts, flavouring agents, colouring agents or sweetening agents, as appropriate.

Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound.

For buccal administration, the compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.

The compounds of formula (I) may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g. by bolus injection or infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g. in glass ampoules or multi-dose containers, e.g. glass vials. The compositions for injection may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilising, preserving and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

In addition to the formulations described above, the compounds of formula (I) may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long-acting formulations may be administered by implantation or by intramuscular injection.

For nasal administration or administration by inhalation, the compounds according to the present invention may be conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation for pressurised packs or a nebuliser, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g. dichlorodifluoromethane, fluorotrichloromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas or mixture of gases.

The compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient. The pack or dispensing device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.

For topical administration the compounds of use in the present invention may be conveniently formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Particular carriers include, for example, mineral oil, liquid petroleum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, the compounds of use in the present invention may be formulated in a suitable lotion containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Particular carriers include, for example, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol and water.

For ophthalmic administration the compounds of use in the present invention may be conveniently formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH-adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as a bactericidal or fungicidal agent, for example phenylmercuric nitrate, benzylalkonium chloride or chlorhexidine acetate. Alternatively, for ophthalmic administration compounds may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.

For rectal administration the compounds of use in the present invention may be conveniently formulated as suppositories. These can be prepared by mixing the active component with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and so will melt in the rectum to release the active component. Such materials include, for example, cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.

The quantity of a compound of use in the invention required for the prophylaxis or treatment of a particular condition will vary depending on the compound chosen and the condition of the patient to be treated. In general, however, daily dosages may range from around 10 ng/kg to 1000 mg/kg, typically from 100 ng/kg to 100 mg/kg, e.g. around 0.01 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg body weight, for oral or buccal administration, from around 10 ng/kg to 50 mg/kg body weight for parenteral administration, and from around 0.05 mg to around 1000 mg, e.g. from around 0.5 mg to around 1000 mg, for nasal administration or administration by inhalation or insufflation.

If desired, a compound in accordance with the present invention may be co-administered with another pharmaceutically active agent, e.g. an anti-inflammatory molecule such as methotrexate or prednisolone.

The compounds of formula (I) above may be prepared by a process which comprises reacting a compound of formula Z-Q-CO₂H or a carboxylate salt thereof (e.g. a carboxylate salt with an alkali metal such as lithium, sodium or potassium) with a compound of formula (III):

wherein E, Q, Y, Z, R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above.

The reaction may advantageously be performed in the presence of a peptide coupling reagent such as 1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]-pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate (HATU), optionally in the presence of a suitable base, e.g. an organic base such as N,N-diisopropylethylamine or triethylamine. The reaction is conveniently effected at ambient or elevated temperature in a suitable solvent, e.g. a dipolar aprotic solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide, and/or a chlorinated solvent such as dichloromethane.

Alternatively, the reaction may be accomplished in the presence of a coupling reagent such as 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI), typically in the presence of a reagent such as 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) and a suitable base, e.g. an organic base such as N,N-diisopropylethylamine or triethylamine. The reaction is conveniently effected at ambient temperature in a suitable solvent, e.g. a dipolar aprotic solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide, or a chlorinated solvent such as dichloromethane.

The product thereby obtained is suitably treated with an acid, ideally an organic acid such as acetic acid, or p-toluenesulphonic acid, or a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid, typically at an elevated temperature.

Alternatively, the reaction may conveniently be effected at an elevated temperature in the presence of a mineral acid, e.g. hydrochloric acid.

Alternatively, the reaction may conveniently be effected at an elevated temperature in the presence of a lower alkanol, e.g. a C₁₋₄ alkanol such as methanol.

In an alternative procedure, the compounds of formula (I) above wherein E represents a covalent bond or an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₄ alkylene chain may be prepared by a process which comprises reacting a compound of formula L¹-E¹-Y with a compound of formula (IV):

wherein Q, Y, Z, R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above, E¹ represents a covalent bond or an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₄ alkylene chain, and L¹ represents a suitable leaving group.

The leaving group L¹ is typically a halogen atom, e.g. chloro or bromo.

The reaction is conveniently effected at ambient or elevated temperature in a suitable solvent, e.g. a dipolar aprotic solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide, or a chlorinated solvent such as dichloromethane, or a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran, or an organic nitrile such as acetonitrile, or an organic sulfoxide such as dimethylsulfoxide. The reaction may be performed in the presence of a suitable base, e.g. an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate or sodium hydride.

The intermediates of formula (IV) above may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula Z-Q-CO₂H or a carboxylate salt thereof (e.g. a carboxylate salt with an alkali metal such as lithium, sodium or potassium) with a compound of formula (V):

wherein Q, Z, R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above; under conditions analogous to those described above for the reaction between compound (III) and a compound of formula Z-Q-CO₂H or a carboxylate salt thereof.

The intermediates of formula (III) above may be prepared by reducing a compound of formula (VI):

wherein E, Y, R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above.

The transformation is conveniently effected by catalytic hydrogenation of compound (VI), which typically comprises treating compound (VI) with gaseous hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst such as palladium on carbon, or platinum on carbon.

Alternatively, the reduction of compound (VI) may be effected by treatment with elemental iron or zinc, typically at an elevated temperature in the presence of ammonium chloride.

Alternatively, the reduction of compound (VI) may be effected by treatment with tin(II) chloride, typically at an elevated temperature in the presence of a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid.

The intermediates of formula (VI) wherein E represents a covalent bond or an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₄ alkylene chain may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula L¹-E¹-Y with a compound of formula (VII):

wherein E¹, Y, R¹, R², R³ and L¹ are as defined above; under conditions analogous to those described above for the reaction between compound (IV) and a compound of formula L¹-E¹-Y.

Alternatively, the intermediates of formula (VI) wherein E represents a covalent bond or an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₄ alkylene chain may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula Y-E¹-NH₂ with a compound of formula (VIII):

wherein E¹, Y, R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above.

The reaction is conveniently effected at ambient or elevated temperature in a suitable solvent, e.g. 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), a hydrocarbon solvent such as toluene, a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran, a dipolar aprotic solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide, or an organic nitrile such as acetonitrile. The reaction may be performed in the presence of a suitable base, e.g. an inorganic base such as sodium hydride or potassium carbonate.

In another procedure, the compounds of formula (I) above, wherein Q corresponds to a group of formula —CH(OH)-Q¹-, may be prepared by a process which comprises reacting an aldehyde of formula OHC-Q¹-Z with a compound of formula (IX):

wherein E, Y, Z, R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above.

The reaction is conveniently effected in the presence of a strong base, e.g. n-butyllithium or lithium diisopropylamide (LDA). The reaction is carried out in a suitable solvent, e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran.

The intermediates of formula (IX) above wherein E represents a covalent bond or an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₄ alkylene chain may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula L¹-E¹-Y with a compound of formula (X):

wherein E¹, Y, R¹, R², R³ and L¹ are as defined above; under conditions analogous to those described above for the reaction between compound (IV) and a compound of formula L¹-E¹-Y.

Alternatively, the intermediates of formula (IX) above may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (III) as defined above with formic acid, ideally at ambient temperature.

The intermediates of formula (IX) above wherein E represents —N(H)— may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula L²-Y with a compound of formula (XI):

wherein Y, R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above, and L² represents a suitable leaving group; in the presence of a transition metal catalyst.

The leaving group L² is typically a halogen atom, e.g. bromo.

A suitable transition metal catalyst for use in the above reaction is tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), in which case the reaction is conveniently performed in the presence of 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl. The reaction is suitably carried out at an elevated temperature in a suitable solvent, e.g. N,N-dimethylformamide, typically in the presence of a base, e.g. an inorganic base such as cesium carbonate.

In a further procedure, the compounds of formula (I) above wherein Z represents a 1H-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl moiety, optionally substituted in the 4-position, may be prepared by a process which comprises reacting a compound of formula H—CC—R^(z) with a compound of formula (XII):

wherein E, Q, Y, R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above, and R^(z) represents an optional substituent on Z.

The reaction is conveniently performed in the presence of copper sulfate pentahydrate and sodium ascorbate. Suitably, the reaction is carried out at ambient temperature in a suitable solvent, e.g. a cyclic ether solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, typically in admixture with water.

The intermediates of formula (XII) above wherein E represents a covalent bond or an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₄ alkylene chain may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (XIII):

wherein Q, R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above, and L³ represents a suitable leaving group; with sodium azide; followed by reaction of the resulting compound with a compound of formula L¹-E¹-Y under conditions analogous to those described above for the reaction between compound (IV) and a compound of formula L¹-E¹-Y.

The leaving group L³ is typically a halogen atom, e.g. chloro.

The reaction between compound (XIII) and sodium azide is conveniently effected at ambient temperature in a suitable solvent, e.g. N,N-dimethylformamide.

The compounds of formula (I) above wherein Q represents —S— may be prepared by a process which comprises reacting a compound of formula Z—S—Z with a compound of formula (IX) as defined above.

The reaction is conveniently effected at ambient temperature in a suitable solvent, e.g. N,N-dimethylformamide. The reaction may be performed in the presence of a suitable base, e.g. an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate.

In a further procedure, the compounds of formula (I) above may be prepared by a process which comprises cyclising a compound of formula (XIV):

wherein E, Q, Y, Z, R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above.

The cyclisation reaction is conveniently effected by heating compound (XIV) in acetic acid.

The intermediates of formula (XIV) above may be prepared by a process which comprises reacting an aldehyde derivative of formula Y-E²-CHO with a compound of formula (XV):

wherein Q, Y, Z, R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above, and -E²-CH₂— corresponds to a group E as defined above; in the presence of a reducing agent.

The reducing agent for use in the above reaction is suitably sodium triacetoxyborohydride or sodium borohydride.

In a further procedure, the compounds of formula (I) above wherein -Q-Z represents dimethylamino may be prepared by a process which comprises reacting a compound of formula (III) as defined above with (dichloromethylene)dimethylammonium chloride.

The reaction is conveniently effected in a suitable solvent, e.g. a chlorinated solvent such as dichloromethane, typically in the presence of a base, e.g. an organic base such as N,N-diisopropylethylamine.

In a further procedure, the compounds of formula (I) above may be prepared by a process which comprises cyclising a compound of formula (XVI):

wherein E, Q, Y, Z, R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above.

The cyclisation reaction is conveniently effected by heating compound (XVI) in acetic anhydride, then acetic acid.

The intermediates of formula (XVI) above may be prepared by reducing a compound of formula (XVII):

wherein E, Q, Y, Z, R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above; under conditions analogous to those described above for the reduction of compound (VI).

The intermediates of formula (XVII) wherein E represents a covalent bond or an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₄ alkylene chain may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula L¹-E¹-Y with a compound of formula (XVIII):

wherein E¹, Q, Y, Z, R¹, R², R³ and L¹ are as defined above; under conditions analogous to those described above for the reaction between compound (IV) and a compound of formula L¹-E¹-Y.

The intermediates of formula (XVIII) above may be prepared by heating a compound of formula (VII) as defined above with an anhydride of formula (Z-Q-CO)₂O, suitably in the presence of acetic acid and a mineral acid such as sulphuric acid.

As will be appreciated, the compounds of formula (IX) above correspond to compounds of formula (I) wherein Q represents a covalent bond and Z is hydrogen.

Where they are not commercially available, the starting materials of formula (V), (VII), (VIII), (X), (XI), (XIII) and (XV) may be prepared by methods analogous to those described in the accompanying Examples, or by standard methods well known from the art.

It will be understood that any compound of formula (I) initially obtained from any of the above processes may, where appropriate, subsequently be elaborated into a further compound of formula (I) by techniques known from the art. By way of example, a compound of formula (I) wherein E represents —CH₂— may be converted into the corresponding compound wherein E represents —CH(CH₃)— by treatment with a methyl halide, e.g. methyl iodide, in the presence of a base such as lithium hexamethyldisilazide.

A compound of formula (I) which contains a hydroxy group may be alkylated by treatment with the appropriate alkyl halide in the presence of a base, e.g. sodium hydride, or silver oxide. A compound of formula (I) wherein -Q-Z represents —CH₂OH may be arylated in a two-step procedure which comprises: (i) treatment with thionyl chloride; and (ii) treatment of the chloro derivative thereby obtained with the appropriate aryl or heteroaryl hydroxide. A compound of formula (I) wherein -Q-Z represents —CH₂OH may be converted into the corresponding compound of formula (I) wherein -Q-Z represents —CH₂S—Z via a two-step procedure which comprises: (i) treatment with thionyl chloride; and (ii) treatment of the chloro derivative thereby obtained with a compound of formula Z—SH, typically in the presence of a base, e.g. an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate. A compound of formula (I) wherein -Q-Z represents —CH₂OH may be converted into the corresponding compound of formula (I) wherein -Q-Z represents —CH₂CN via a two-step procedure which comprises: (i) treatment with thionyl chloride; and (ii) treatment of the chloro derivative thereby obtained with a cyanide salt such as sodium cyanide. A compound of formula (I) which contains hydroxy may be converted into the corresponding fluoro-substituted compound by treatment with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) or bis(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur trifluoride (BAST). A compound of formula (I) which contains hydroxy may be converted into the corresponding difluoro-substituted compound via a two-step procedure which comprises: (i) treatment with an oxidising agent, e.g. manganese dioxide; and (ii) treatment of the carbonyl-containing compound thereby obtained with DAST.

A compound of formula (I) wherein -Q-Z represents —CH₂OH may be converted into the corresponding compound wherein -Q-Z represents —CH(OH)Z in a two-step procedure which comprises: (i) oxidation with a suitable oxidising agent, e.g. Dess-Martin periodinane or manganese(IV) oxide; and (ii) treatment of the aldehyde derivative thereby obtained with a Grignard reagent, e.g. a compound of formula Z—MgBr or Z—MgCl.

A compound of formula (I) wherein -Q-Z represents —CH₂OH may be converted into the corresponding compound wherein -Q-Z represents —CH(OH)CF₃ in a two-step procedure which comprises: (i) oxidation with a suitable oxidising agent, e.g. Dess-Martin periodinane or manganese(IV) oxide; and (ii) treatment of the aldehyde derivative thereby obtained with (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane and cesium fluoride.

A compound of formula (I) which contains an N—H moiety may be alkylated by treatment with the appropriate alkyl halide, typically at an elevated temperature in an organic solvent such as acetonitrile; or at ambient temperature in the presence of a base, e.g. an alkali metal carbonate such as potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate, in a suitable solvent, e.g. a dipolar aprotic solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide. Alternatively, a compound of formula (I) which contains an N—H moiety may be alkylated by treatment with the appropriate alkyl tosylate in the presence of a base, e.g. an inorganic base such as sodium hydride, or an organic base such as 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU).

A compound of formula (I) which contains an N—H moiety may be methylated by treatment with formaldehyde in the presence of a reducing agent, e.g. sodium triacetoxyborohydride.

A compound of formula (I) which contains an N—H moiety may be acylated by treatment with the appropriate acid chloride, e.g. acetyl chloride, or with the appropriate carboxylic acid anhydride, e.g. acetic anhydride, typically at ambient temperature in the presence of a base, e.g. an organic base such as triethylamine.

A compound of formula (I) which contains an N—H moiety may be converted into the corresponding compound wherein the nitrogen atom is substituted by C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, e.g. methylsulphonyl, by treatment with the appropriate C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl chloride, e.g. methanesulphonyl chloride, or with the appropriate C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonic acid anhydride, e.g. methanesulphonic anhydride, typically at ambient temperature in the presence of a base, e.g. an organic base such as triethylamine or N,N-diisopropylethylamine.

A compound of formula (I) substituted by amino (—NH₂) may be converted into the corresponding compound substituted by C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino, e.g. methylsulphonylamino, or bis[(C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl]amino, e.g. bis(methylsulphonyl)amino, by treatment with the appropriate C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl halide, e.g. a C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl chloride such as methanesulphonyl chloride. Similarly, a compound of formula (I) substituted by hydroxy (—OH) may be converted into the corresponding compound substituted by C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyloxy, e.g. methylsulphonyloxy, by treatment with the appropriate C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl halide, e.g. a C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl chloride such as methanesulphonyl chloride.

A compound of formula (I) containing the moiety —S— may be converted into the corresponding compound containing the moiety —S(O)— by treatment with 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. Likewise, a compound of formula (I) containing the moiety —S(O)— may be converted into the corresponding compound containing the moiety —S(O)₂— by treatment with 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. Alternatively, a compound of formula (I) containing the moiety —S— may be converted into the corresponding compound containing the moiety —S(O)₂— by treatment with Oxone® (potassium peroxymonosulfate).

A compound of formula (I) containing an aromatic nitrogen atom may be converted into the corresponding N-oxide derivative by treatment with 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid.

A bromophenyl derivative of formula (I) may be converted into the corresponding optionally substituted 2-oxopyrrolidin-1-ylphenyl or 2-oxooxazolidin-3-ylphenyl derivative by treatment with pyrrolidin-2-one or oxazolidin-2-one, or an appropriately substituted analogue thereof. The reaction is conveniently effected at an elevated temperature in the presence of copper(I) iodide, trans-NX-dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine and an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate.

A compound of formula (I) wherein R¹ represents halogen, e.g. bromo or chloro, may be converted into the corresponding compound wherein R¹ represents an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl moiety by treatment with the appropriately substituted aryl or heteroaryl boronic acid or a cyclic ester thereof formed with an organic diol, e.g. pinacol, 1,3-propanediol or neopentyl glycol. The reaction is typically effected in the presence of a transition metal catalyst, e.g. [1,1¹-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II), dichloro[1,1¹-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), bis[3-(diphenylphosphanyl)cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-yl]iron-dichloropalladium-dichloromethane complex, or tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), and a base, e.g. an inorganic base such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate, or potassium phosphate.

A compound of formula (I) wherein R¹ represents halogen, e.g. bromo, may be converted into the corresponding compound wherein R¹ represents an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkenyl moiety via a two-step procedure which comprises: (i) reaction with bis(pinacolato)diboron or bis(neopentyl glycolato)diboron; and (ii) reaction of the compound thereby obtained with an appropriately functionalised halo- or tosyloxy-substituted aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkenyl derivative. Step (i) is conveniently effected in the presence of a transition metal catalyst such as [1,1′-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II), or bis[3-(diphenylphosphanyl)-cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-yl]iron-dichloropalladium-dichloromethane complex. Step (ii) is conveniently effected in the presence of a transition metal catalyst such as tetrakis-(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), or bis[3-(diphenylphosphanyl)cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-yl]iron-dichloropalladium-dichloromethane complex, and a base, e.g. an inorganic base such as sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate.

A compound of formula (I) wherein R¹ represents halogen, e.g. bromo, may be converted into the corresponding compound wherein R¹ represents an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl moiety by treatment with an appropriately substituted alkyne derivative, e.g. 2-hydroxybut-3-yne. The reaction is conveniently accomplished with the assistance of a transition metal catalyst, e.g. tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), typically in the presence of copper(I) iodide and a base, e.g. an organic base such as triethylamine.

A compound of formula (I) wherein R¹ represents halogen, e.g. bromo, may be converted into the corresponding compound wherein R¹ represents an optionally substituted imidazol-1-yl moiety by treatment with the appropriately substituted imidazole derivative, typically in the presence of copper(II) acetate and an organic base such as N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA).

A compound of formula (I) wherein R¹ represents halogen, e.g. bromo, may be converted into the corresponding compound wherein R¹ represents 2-(methoxycarbonyl)-ethyl via a two-step procedure which comprises: (i) reaction with methyl acrylate; and (ii) catalytic hydrogenation of the alkenyl derivative thereby obtained, typically by treatment with a hydrogenation catalyst, e.g. palladium on charcoal, under an atmosphere of hydrogen gas. Step (i) is typically effected in the presence of a transition metal catalyst, e.g. palladium(II) acetate or bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0), and a reagent such as tri(ortho-tolyl)phosphine.

In general, a compound of formula (I) containing a —C═C— functionality may be converted into the corresponding compound containing a —CH—CH— functionality by catalytic hydrogenation, typically by treatment with a hydrogenation catalyst, e.g. palladium on charcoal, under an atmosphere of hydrogen gas, optionally in the presence of a base, e.g. an alkali metal hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide.

A compound of formula (I) wherein R¹ represents 6-methoxypyridin-3-yl may be converted into the corresponding compound wherein R¹ represents 2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-5-yl by treatment with pyridine hydrochloride; or by heating with a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid. By utilising similar methodology, a compound of formula (I) wherein R¹ represents 6-methoxy-4-methylpyridin-3-yl may be converted into the corresponding compound wherein R¹ represents 4-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-5-yl; and a compound of formula (I) wherein R¹ represents 6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl may be converted into the corresponding compound wherein R¹ represents 3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-5-yl.

A compound of formula (I) wherein R¹ represents 2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-5-yl may be converted into the corresponding compound wherein R¹ represents 2-oxopiperidin-5-yl by catalytic hydrogenation, typically by treatment with gaseous hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst such as platinum(IV) oxide.

A compound of formula (I) containing an ester moiety, e.g. a C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl group such as methoxycarbonyl or ethoxycarbonyl, may be converted into the corresponding compound containing a carboxy (—CO₂H) moiety by treatment with an acid, e.g. a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid.

A compound of formula (I) containing an N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl) moiety may be converted into the corresponding compound containing an N—H moiety by treatment with an acid, e.g. a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid, or an organic acid such as trifluoroacetic acid.

A compound of formula (I) containing an ester moiety, e.g. a C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl group such as methoxycarbonyl or ethoxycarbonyl, may alternatively be converted into the corresponding compound containing a carboxy (—CO₂H) moiety by treatment with a base, e.g. an alkali metal hydroxide selected from lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide; or an organic base such as sodium methoxide or sodium ethoxide.

A compound of formula (I) containing a carboxy (—CO₂H) moiety may be converted into the corresponding compound containing an amide moiety by treatment with the appropriate amine in the presence of a condensing agent such as 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)carbodiimide.

A compound of formula (I) containing a carbonyl (C═O) moiety may be converted into the corresponding compound containing a —C(CH₃)(OH)— moiety by treatment with methylmagnesium bromide. Similarly, a compound of formula (I) containing a carbonyl (C═O) moiety may be converted into the corresponding compound containing a —C(CF₃)(OH)— moiety by treatment with (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane and cesium fluoride. A compound of formula (I) containing a carbonyl (C═O) moiety may be converted into the corresponding compound containing a —C(CH₂NO₂)(OH)— moiety by treatment with nitromethane.

A compound of formula (I) containing a hydroxymethyl moiety may be converted into the corresponding compound containing a formyl (—CHO) moiety by treatment with an oxidising agent such as Dess-Martin periodinane. A compound of formula (I) containing a hydroxymethyl moiety may be converted into the corresponding compound containing a carboxy moiety by treatment with an oxidising agent such as tetrapropylammonium perruthenate.

A compound of formula (I) wherein R¹ represents a substituent containing at least one nitrogen atom, which substituent is linked to the remainder of the molecule via a nitrogen atom, may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (I) wherein R¹ represents halogen, e.g. bromo, with the appropriate compound of formula R¹—H [e.g. 1-(pyridin-3-yl)piperazine or morpholine]. The reaction is conveniently effected with the assistance of a transition metal catalyst, e.g. tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), in the presence of an amination ligand such as 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (XPhos) or 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene (BINAP) and a base, e.g. an inorganic base such as sodium tert-butoxide. Alternatively, the reaction may be effected using palladium diacetate, in the presence of a reagent such as [2′,6′-bis(propan-2-yloxy)biphenyl-2-yl](dicyclohexyl)phosphane and a base, e.g. an inorganic base such as cesium carbonate.

A compound of formula (I) containing an oxo moiety can be converted into the corresponding compound containing an ethoxycarbonylmethylidene moiety by treatment with triethyl phosphonoacetate in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride.

A compound of formula (IIB) wherein R²¹ represents ethenyl may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (IIB) wherein R²¹ represents halogen, e.g. chloro, with potassium vinyl trifluoroborate. The reaction is typically effected in the presence of a transition metal catalyst, e.g. [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II), and a base, e.g. an organic base such as triethylamine.

A compound of formula (IIB) wherein R²¹ represents halogen, e.g. chloro, may be converted into the corresponding compound wherein R²¹ represents an optionally substituted C₄₋₇ cycloalkenyl moiety by treatment with the appropriately substituted cycloalkenyl boronic acid or a cyclic ester thereof formed with an organic diol, e.g. pinacol, 1,3-propanediol or neopentyl glycol. The reaction is typically effected in the presence of a transition metal catalyst, e.g. bis[3-(diphenylphosphanyl)cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-yl]iron-dichloropalladium-dichloromethane complex, and a base, e.g. an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate.

A compound of formula (IIB) wherein R²¹ represents a substituent containing at least one nitrogen atom, which substituent is linked to the remainder of the molecule via a nitrogen atom, may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (IIB) wherein R²¹ represents halogen, e.g. chloro, with the appropriate compound of formula R²¹—H [e.g. 2-methoxyethylamine, N-methyl-L-alanine, 2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid, 3-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid, 1-(aminomethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, methyl azetidine-3-carboxylate, pyrrolidin-3-ol, pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid, piperidine-2-carboxylic acid, piperidine-3-carboxylic acid, 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)piperidine, piperazine, 1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazine, piperazin-2-one, 2-(piperazin-1-yl)propanoic acid, morpholine, morpholine-2-carboxylic acid, thiomorpholine, thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide, 1,4-diazepan-5-one, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane or an appropriately substituted azaspiroalkane], optionally in the presence of a base, e.g. an organic base such as triethylamine or N,N-diisopropylethylamine and/or 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, or pyridine, or an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate.

Where a mixture of products is obtained from any of the processes described above for the preparation of compounds according to the invention, the desired product can be separated therefrom at an appropriate stage by conventional methods such as preparative HPLC; or column chromatography utilising, for example, silica and/or alumina in conjunction with an appropriate solvent system.

Where the above-described processes for the preparation of the compounds according to the invention give rise to mixtures of stereoisomers, these isomers may be separated by conventional techniques. In particular, where it is desired to obtain a particular enantiomer of a compound of formula (I) this may be produced from a corresponding mixture of enantiomers using any suitable conventional procedure for resolving enantiomers. Thus, for example, diastereomeric derivatives, e.g. salts, may be produced by reaction of a mixture of enantiomers of formula (I), e.g. a racemate, and an appropriate chiral compound, e.g. a chiral base. The diastereomers may then be separated by any convenient means, for example by crystallisation, and the desired enantiomer recovered, e.g. by treatment with an acid in the instance where the diastereomer is a salt. In another resolution process a racemate of formula (I) may be separated using chiral HPLC. Moreover, if desired, a particular enantiomer may be obtained by using an appropriate chiral intermediate in one of the processes described above. Alternatively, a particular enantiomer may be obtained by performing an enantiomer-specific enzymatic biotransformation, e.g. an ester hydrolysis using an esterase, and then purifying only the enantiomerically pure hydrolysed acid from the unreacted ester antipode. Chromatography, recrystallisation and other conventional separation procedures may also be used with intermediates or final products where it is desired to obtain a particular geometric isomer of the invention.

During any of the above synthetic sequences it may be necessary and/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenum Press, 1973; and T. W. Greene & P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 3^(rd) edition, 1999. The protecting groups may be removed at any convenient subsequent stage utilising methods known from the art.

The following Examples illustrate the preparation of compounds according to the invention.

The compounds in accordance with this invention potently inhibit the binding of a fluorescence conjugate to TNFα when tested in the fluorescence polarisation assay described below. Moreover, certain compounds in accordance with this invention potently inhibit TNFα-induced NF-κB activation in the reporter gene assay described below.

Fluorescence Polarisation Assay Preparation of Compound (A)

1-(2,5-Dimethylbenzyl)-6-[4-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)phenyl]-2-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazole hereinafter referred to as “Compound (A)” can be prepared by the procedure described in Example 499 of WO 2013/186229 (published 19 Dec. 2013); or by a procedure analogous thereto.

Preparation of Fluorescence Conjugate

Compound (A) (27.02 mg, 0.0538 mmol) was dissolved in DMSO (2 mL). 5 (−6) Carboxy-fluorescein succinimyl ester (24.16 mg, 0.0510 mmol) (Invitrogen catalogue number: C1311) was dissolved in DMSO (1 mL) to give a bright yellow solution. The two solutions were mixed at room temperature, the mixture turning red in colour. The mixture was stirred at room temperature. Shortly after mixing a 20 μL aliquot was removed and diluted in a 80:20 mixture of AcOH:H₂O for LC-MS analysis on the 1200RR-6140 LC-MS system. The chromatogram showed two closely eluting peaks at retention times of 1.42 and 1.50 minutes, both with mass (M+H)⁺=860.8 amu, corresponding to the two products formed with the 5- and 6-substituted carboxyfluorescein group. A further peak at retention time 2.21 minutes had a mass of (M+H)⁺=502.8 amu, corresponding to Compound (A). No peak was observed for unreacted 5(−6) carboxyfluorescein succinimyl ester. The peak areas were 22.0%, 39.6% and 31.4% for the three signals, indicating a 61.6% conversion to the two isomers of the desired fluorescence conjugate at that time-point. Further 20 μL aliquots were extracted after several hours and then after overnight stirring, diluted as before and subjected to LC-MS analysis. The percentage conversion was determined as 79.8% and 88.6% respectively at these time-points. The mixture was purified on a UV-directed preparative HPLC system. The pooled purified fractions were freeze-dried to remove excess solvent. After freeze-drying, an orange solid (23.3 mg) was recovered, equivalent to 0.027 mmol of fluorescence conjugate, corresponding to an overall yield of 53% for the reaction and preparative HPLC purification.

Inhibition of Binding of Fluorescence Conjugate to TNFα

Compounds were tested at 10 concentrations starting from 25 μM in a final assay concentration of 5% DMSO, by pre-incubation with TNFα for 60 minutes at ambient temperature in 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween 20, before addition of the fluorescence conjugate and a further incubation for 20 hours at ambient temperature. The final concentrations of TNFα and the fluorescence conjugate were 10 nM and 10 nM respectively in a total assay volume of 25 μL. Plates were read on a plate reader capable of detecting fluorescence polarisation (e.g. an Analyst HT plate reader; or an Envision plate reader). An IC₅₀ value was calculated using XLfit™ (4 parameter logistic model) in ActivityBase.

When tested in the fluorescence polarisation assay, the compounds of the accompanying Examples were all found to exhibit IC₅₀ values of 50 μM or better.

Reporter Gene Assay Inhibition of TNFα-Induced NE-κB Activation

Stimulation of HEK-293 cells by TNFα leads to activation of the NF-κB pathway. The reporter cell line used to determine TNFα activity was purchased from InvivoGen. HEK-Blue™ CD40L is a stable HEK-293 transfected cell line expressing SEAP (secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase) under the control of the IFNβ minimal promoter fused to five NF-κB binding sites. Secretion of SEAP by these cells is stimulated in a dose-dependent manner by TNFα, with an EC50 of 0.5 ng/mL for human TNFα. Compounds were diluted from 10 mM DMSO stocks (final assay concentration 0.3% DMSO) to generate a 10-point 3-fold serial dilution curve (e.g. 30,000 nM to 2 nM final concentration). Diluted compound was preincubated with TNFα for 60 minutes prior to addition to a 384-well microtitre plate and incubated for 18 h. The final TNFα concentration in the assay plate was 0.5 ng/mL. SEAP activity was determined in the supernatant using a colorimetric substrate, e.g. QUANTI-Blue™ or HEK-Blue™ Detection media (InvivoGen). Percentage inhibitions for compound dilutions were calculated between a DMSO control and maximum inhibition (by excess control compound) and an IC₅₀ value calculated using XLfit™ (4 parameter logistic model) in ActivityBase.

When tested in the reporter gene assay, certain compounds of the accompanying Examples were found to exhibit IC₅₀ values of 50 μM or better.

EXAMPLES

Abbreviations DCM: dichloromethane THF: tetrahydrofuran EtOH: ethanol EtOAc: ethyl acetate MeOH: methanol DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide DMF: N,N-dimethylformamide HOBT: 1-hydroxybenzotriazole DIPEA: N,N-diisopropylethylamine PTSA: p-toluenesulfonic acid TBAF: tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride LDA: lithium diisopropylamide HATU: 1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5- b]pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate EDCI: 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide Pd(PPh₃)₄: tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) Pd-118: dichloro[1,1′-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) Pd₂(dba)₃: tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) SiO₂: silica h: hour M: mass HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography LCMS: Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ES+: Electrospray Positive Ionisation RT: retention time

Nomenclature

Compounds were named with the aid of ACD/Name Batch (Network) version 11.01, and/or Accelrys Draw 4.0.

Analytical Conditions Analytical HPLC Method A Column: Waters Atlantis dC18 (2.1 × 100 mm, 3 μm column) Flow rate: 0.6 mL/minute Solvent A: 0.1% formic acid/water Solvent B: 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile Injection volume: 3 μL Column temperature: 40° C. UV detection wavelength: 215 nm Eluent: 0.00-5.00 minutes, constant gradient from 95% solvent A + 5% solvent B to 100% solvent B; 5.00-5.40 minutes, 100% solvent B; 5.40-5.42 minutes, constant gradient from 100% solvent B to 95% solvent A + 5% solvent B; 5.42-7.00 minutes, 95% solvent A + 5% solvent B. Method B Column: Waters Atlantis dC18 (2.1 × 50 mm, 3 μm column) Flow rate: 1.0 mL/minute Solvent A: 0.1% formic acid/water Solvent B: 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile Injection volume: 3 μL UV detection wavelength: 215 nm Eluent: 0.00-2.50 minutes, constant gradient from 95% solvent A + 5% solvent B to 100% solvent B; 2.50-2.70 minutes, 100% solvent B; 2.71-3.00 minutes, 95% solvent A + 5% solvent B. Method C Column: Phenomenex, Gemini C18 (2.0 mm × 100 mm, 3 μm column) Flow rate: 0.5 mL/minute Solvent A: 2 nM ammonium hydrogencarbonate in water Solvent B: acetonitrile Injection volume: 3 μL Column temperature: 50° C. UV detection wavelength: 215 nm Eluent: 0.00-5.50 minutes, constant gradient from 95% solvent A + 5% solvent B to 100% solvent B; 5.50-5.90 minutes, 100% solvent B. MS detection using Waters LCT or LCT Premier, or ZQ or ZMD. UV detection using Waters 2996 photodiode array or Waters 2787 UV or Waters 2788 UV.

Intermediate 1 6-Chloro-N-[(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-3-nitropyridin-2-amine

To a solution of 2,6-dichloro-3-nitropyridine (5.0 g, 25.9 mmol) and 2,5-dichloro-benzylamine (5.5 g, 4.2 mL) in toluene (20 mL) was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 1.9 g, 33.7 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 18 h, then quenched with water (50 mL) and extracted with DCM (3×50 mL). The organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 100% DCM), yielding the title compound (8.3 g, 96%) as a yellow solid. δ_(H) (d₆-DMSO) 7.16 (t, J 6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.45 (d, J 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J 8.5, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.72-4.69 (m, 2H). LCMS (ES⁺) 334.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 1.71 minutes (Method B).

Intermediate 2 6-Chloro-N²-[(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl]pyridine-2,3-diamine

Zinc (5.1 g, 78.0 mmol) and saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (50 mL) were added to a stirred solution of Intermediate 1 (8.7 g, 26.0 mmol) in EtOH (200 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was heated at 50° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was diluted with DCM (50 mL) and washed with 2M aqueous NaOH solution (2×30 mL). The organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-5% EtOAc/DCM), yielding the title compound (5.8 g, 74%) as a purple solid. δ_(H) (d₆-DMSO) 7.49 (d, J 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.19-7.17 (m, 3H), 6.76 (d, J 7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (d, J 7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 2H), 4.55 (d, J 5.6 Hz, 2H). LCMS (ES⁺) 304.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 1.54 minutes (Method B).

Intermediate 3 2-(4-Formylphenoxy)acetic acid

To a solution of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (10.0 g, 82.0 mmol) in acetone (150 mL) was added potassium carbonate (24.9 g, 180.0 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 15 minutes. Bromoacetic acid (12.0 g, 86.0 mmol) was added slowly, portionwise, and the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 18 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and water (200 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was partitioned with EtOAc (2×200 mL), and the combined extracted aqueous layer was adjusted to pH 2 with 6N HCl. The aqeous layer was partitioned with EtOAc (2×400 mL), then the organic layers were washed with water (200 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated with isohexane to yield the title compound (13.5 g, 91%) as a cream solid. δ_(H) (d₆-DMSO) 13.12 (br s, 1H), 9.87 (s, 1H), 7.88-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.12-7.10 (m, 2H), 4.83 (s, 2H).

Intermediate 4 2-(4-Carbamoylphenoxy)acetic acid

To a solution of Intermediate 3 (1.9 g, 10.3 mmol) in formic acid (50 mL) was added hydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.1 g, 15.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h, then cooled and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated with isohexane and filtered. The resulting cream solid was suspended in tert-butanol (50 mL), then potassium hydroxide (2.3 g, 41.0 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 4 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and water (100 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was partitioned with EtOAc (2×100 mL), and the combined extracted aqueous layer was adjusted to pH 2 with 6N HCl. The resulting precipitate was filtered off and dried in vacuo, yielding the title compound (1.6 g, 80%) as a white solid. δ_(H) (d₆-DMSO) 7.84-7.81 (m, 3H), 7.17 (br s, 1H), 6.96-6.94 (m, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H). LCMS (ES⁺) 196.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 0.30 minutes (Method B).

Intermediate 5 5-Chloro-3-[(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-2-methylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine

A solution of Intermediate 2 (0.4 g, 1.3 mmol) in acetic acid (5 mL) was heated at 140° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was treated with 2M aqueous NaOH solution (5 mL) and extracted with DCM (2×10 mL). The organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-10% MeOH/DCM), yielding the title compound (0.6 g, 14%) as a cream solid. δ_(H) (d₆-DMSO) 8.08 (d, J 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J 2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.52 (s, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H). LCMS (ES⁺) 328.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 1.51 minutes (Method B).

Intermediate 6 6-Chloro-N-[(2,5-dimethylphenyl)methyl]-3-nitropyridin-2-amine

A suspension of 2,6-dichloro-3-nitropyridine (5 g, 25.9 mmol) in toluene (25 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with 2,6-dimethylbenzylamine (4.2 g, 31 mmol). The resulting yellow suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes, then sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 1.04 g, 26 mmol) was added. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirring was continued for 18 h. The resulting mixture was poured into water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (two portions of 100 mL each). The combined organic extracts were diluted with DCM (50 mL) and MeOH (20 mL), then washed with brine (two portions of 70 mL each), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude yellow solid was triturated with diisopropyl ether to give a crude yellow solid (6.1 g). A portion of the crude material (800 mg) was further triturated with diisopropyl ether to give the title compound (729 mg) as a yellow solid. HPLC-MS (pH 10): MH+m/z 292.3, RT 1.70 minutes.

Intermediate 7 6-Benzyloxy-N-[(2,5-dimethylphenyl)methyl]-3-nitropyridin-2-amine

A solution of benzyl alcohol (354 μL, 3.4 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 136 mg, 3.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 5 minutes before the addition of Intermediate 6 (500 mg, 1.71 mmol). The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over 1 h, then was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with DCM (four portions of 50 mL each). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was triturated with diisopropyl ether to give the title compound (429 mg, 96%) as a yellow solid. δ_(H) (DMSO-d₆) 9.13 (t, 1H), 8.34 (d, 1H), 7.30 (s, 5H), 7.08 (m, 2H), 6.99 (d, 1H), 6.21 (d, 1H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.73 (d, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.20 (s, 3H).

Intermediate 8 6-Benzyloxy-N²-[(2,5-dimethylphenyl)methyl]pyridine-2,3-diamine

A suspension of Intermediate 7 (420 mg, 11.6 mmol) in ethanol (40 mL) was treated with ammonium chloride (saturated aqueous solution, 5 mL), followed by zinc powder (303 mg, 4.64 mmol), and the resulting mixture was heated at reflux for 1.5 h. The mixture was filtered through celite whilst warm, then concentrated in vacuo, to give a crude brown solid which was used in the subsequent step without further purification.

Intermediate 9 2-[(6-Carbamoylpyridin-3-yl)oxy]acetic acid

5-Hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (5 g, 32 mmol) was suspended in 7M NH₃ in MeOH (40 mL) and heated at 110° C. for 24 h in a high pressure reactor. The solvent was evaporated. The resulting dark solid (4.54 g) was dissolved in DMF (32 mL) and sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 1.37 g, 33.6 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes, then tert-butyl bromoacetate (5.2 mL, 35.2 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h. Water (20 mL) was added. The resulting precipitate was filtered off and dried. The resulting material (3.73 g) was stirred in 4M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (30 mL) for 5 h at room temperature. A portion (20%) of the 1,4-dioxane was removed under vacuum, and the suspension was diluted with diethyl ether (30 mL). The resulting precipitate was filtered off and dried, to afford the title compound as the HCl salt (3.8 g, 61%), which was not purified further and was used crude in subsequent steps.

Intermediate 10 3-[(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)methyl]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine

To a solution of 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (1.9 g, 16 mmol) in THF (6 mL) were added 2-(chloromethyl)-1,4-dimethylbenzene (2.6 g, 17 mmol) and potassium carbonate (4.8 g, 35 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Water (5 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for another 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was poured into ethyl acetate/water and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed three times with brine, then dried over magnesium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by gradient silica column chromatography, eluting with 0-60% ethyl acetate in DCM, followed by preparative chromatography, to afford the title compound (0.9 g, 24%) as a white solid. LCMS (ES⁺) (M+H)⁺ 238, RT 1.83 minutes (Method A).

Intermediate 11 6-Chloro-3-nitro-N-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]pyridin-2-amine

To a solution of 2,6-dichloro-3-nitropyridine (1 g, 5.2 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added (1R)-1-phenylethanamine (0.7 mL, 5.2 mmol). After stirring for 12 h at room temperature, the reaction mixture was quenched with water (5 mL) and allowed to warm to ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into ethyl acetate/water. The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed three times with water, then dried over magnesium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by gradient silica column chromatography, eluting with 0-10% ethyl acetate in hexane, to afford the title compound (760 mg, 53%) as a yellow solid. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 8.56 (d, J 6.2 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (d, J 14.9 Hz, 1H), 7.57-7.23 (m, 4H), 7.22-7.19 (m, 1H), 6.52 (d, J 8.6 Hz, 1H), 5.41 (q, J 14.1 Hz, 1H), 1.57 (d, J 6.9 Hz, 3H). LCMS (ES⁺) (M+H)⁺ 278, RT 1.66 minutes (Method A).

Intermediate 12 6-(1-Methylpyrazol-4-yl)-3-nitro-N-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]pyridin-2-amine

To a solution of Intermediate 11 (460 mg, 1.67 mmol) in ethanol (5 mL) were added 1-methylpyrazol-4-ylboronic acid (24 mg, 2.0 mmol) and Pd-118 (5 mg, 0.005 mmol), followed by 2M aqueous Na₂CO₃ solution (2 mL). The mixture was degassed under nitrogen and heated under reflux for 2 h. The reaction mixture was poured into ethyl acetate/water, washed four times with water, and dried over magnesium sulphate, then the solvent was removed by evaporation in vacuo. The residue was purified by gradient silica column chromatography, eluting with 0-50% ethyl acetate in DCM, to afford the title compound (48 mg, 90%) as a yellow oil. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 8.69 (d, J 5.5 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (d, J 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.24 (m, 5H), 6.77 (d, J 8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.58-5.32 (m, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 1.68 (d, J 6.9 Hz, 3H). LCMS (ES⁺) (M+H)⁺ 324, RT 1.53 minutes (Method A).

Intermediate 13 6-(1-Methylpyrazol-4-yl)-N²-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]pyridine-2,3-diamine

To a solution of Intermediate 12 (480 mg, 1.5 mmol) in ethanol (5 mL) and hydrochloric acid (10% aqueous solution, 2.5 mL) was added tin chloride (1.24 g, 4.5 mmol). The mixture was heated under reflux for 4 h, then cooled to room temperature and quenched with 2N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (20 mL). EtOAc was added and the organic phase was washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue (400 mg, 75%) was used directly in the next step. LCMS (ES⁺) (M+H)⁺ 294, RT 1.28 minutes (Method A).

Intermediate 14 2,2-Dichloro-3-oxocyclobutyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate

To a stirred mixture of vinyl pivalate (30 g, 234 mmol) and zinc (31 g, 474 mmol) in diethyl ether (250 mL) was added a solution of 2,2,2-trichloroacetyl chloride (34 mL, 304 mmol) in diethyl ether (250 mL), dropwise over 2.5 h in a water bath, whilst maintaining the reaction temperature between 15° C. and 30° C. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite and washed through with ethyl acetate (200 mL). The filtrate was washed with water (200 mL) and brine (200 mL), then dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum, to afford the title compound (68 g, 97%) as an orange liquid. 6H (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 5.40 (dd, J 8.4, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (dd, J 18.9, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (dd, J 18.9, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 1.28 (s, 9H).

Intermediate 15 3-Oxocyclobutyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate

Zinc (74 g, 1.1 mol) was added to acetic acid (200 mL) with stirring and the suspension was cooled in an ice bath. Intermediate 14 (68 g, 228 mmol) in acetic acid (300 mL) was added dropwise over 2 h. Upon completion of addition, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1.5 h, then filtered and washed with DCM (100 mL). The filtrate was diluted with EtOAc (800 mL) and washed sequentially with water (3×250 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (3×250 mL) and brine (50 mL). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, 0-10% EtOAc in heptane), yielding the title compound (11 g, 28%) as a clear colourless oil. δ_(H) (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 5.26-5.19 (m, 1H), 3.51-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.19-3.07 (m, 2H), 1.22 (s, 9H).

Intermediate 16 3-(5-Bromopyrimidin-2-yl)-3-hydroxycyclobutyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate

5-Bromo-2-iodopyrimidine (16.7 g, 58.8 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (200 mL) with stirring and cooled to −78° C. under N₂. n-Butyllithium in hexane (2.5M, 23.5 mL) was added dropwise and the mixture was stirred for 20 minutes at −78° C. Intermediate 15 (10 g, 58.8 mmol) in DCM (50 mL) was cooled in a dry ice bath and added in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 10 minutes, then quenched by the addition of saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution (20 mL) and allowed to warm to room temperature. Saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution (50 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with DCM (2×100 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-30% EtOAc in heptane), yielding the title compound (7.6 g, 35%) as a yellow solid. δ_(H) (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.78 (s, 2H), 5.22-5.14 (m, 1H), 3.03-2.93 (m, 2H), 2.67-2.58 (m, 2H), 1.22 (s, 9H).

Intermediate 17 1-(5-Bromopyrimidin-2-yl)cyclobutane-1,3-diol

Intermediate 16 (6 g, 16.4 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (120 mL) and K₂CO₃ (11.3 g, 82 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h at room temperature, then diluted with DCM (400 mL) and washed with water (150 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (200 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to afford the title compound (2.94 g, 73%) as an off-white solid. δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8.98 (s, 2H), 5.63 (s, 1H), 5.08 (d, J 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.09-3.92 (m, 1H), 2.87-2.79 (m, 2H), 2.28-2.14 (m, 2H).

Intermediate 18 3-(5-Bromopyrimidin-2-yl)-3-hydroxycyclobutan-1-one

To a stirred solution of Intermediate 17 (2 g, 8.1 mmol) in DCM (200 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (4.1 g, 9.8 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h and the resulting suspension was diluted with DCM (100 mL), then washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (100 mL). The aqueous layer was re-extracted with DCM (100 mL), then the combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, 0-30% EtOAc in heptane) to afford the title compound (1.37 g, 69%) as an off white solid. δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 9.04 (s, 2H), 6.41 (s, 1H), 3.69-3.55 (m, 2H), 3.37-3.21 (m, 2H).

Intermediate 19 3-(5-Bromopyrimidin-2-yl)-3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclobutan-1-one

Intermediate 18 (1.37 g, 5.64 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (20 mL) with stirring under N₂ and cooled to 0° C. 1H-Imidazole (1.9 g, 28.18 mmol) was added, followed by tert-butyl(chloro)dimethylsilane (2.0 g, 13.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h, then diluted with DCM (150 mL) and washed with water (3×50 mL). The aqueous phase was re-extracted with DCM (50 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, 0-20% EtOAc in heptane) to afford the title compound (1.6 g 79%) as a pale orange oil. δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 9.06 (s, 2H), 3.78-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.44-3.34 (m, 2H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.00 (s, 6H).

Intermediate 20 3-(5-Bromopyrimidin-2-yl)-3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-methylcyclobutan-1-ol

Intermediate 19 (1.35 g, 3.78 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous diethyl ether (40 mL) under N₂ with stirring and cooled to 0° C. using an ice bath. Methylmagnesium bromide in diethyl ether (3M, 2.52 mL) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at 0° C., then quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution (20 mL) and water (20 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, 0-100% DCM in heptane) to afford the title compound (1.19 g, 84%) as a clear oil. Major isomer (˜70% abundance): δ_(H) (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.79 (s, 2H), 3.10-3.03 (m, 2H), 2.59-2.51 (m, 2H), 1.18 (s, 3H), 0.87 (s, 9H), −0.14 (s, 6H). Minor isomer (˜30% abundance): δ_(H) (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.79 (s, 2H), 2.78-2.63 (m, 4H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 0.95 (s, 9H), 0.04 (s, 6H).

Intermediate 21 2-[5-(6-Amino-5-nitropyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]propan-2-ol

Prepared from 2-[5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]-propan-2-ol (4.19 g, 15.85 mmol), 6-bromo-3-nitropyridin-2-amine (3.00 g, 13.21 mmol), cesium carbonate (6.45 mg, 19.82 mmol), 1,4-dioxane/water solution (9:1, 50 mL) and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (483.3 mg, 5 mol %) in accordance with Method A to give the title compound (3.03 g, 73%). δ_(H) (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 9.31 (s, 2H), 8.57 (d, J 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (s, 1H), 1.89 (br s, 1H), 1.64 (s, 6H). LCMS (ES⁺) 276.14 (M+H)⁺, RT 3.54 minutes.

Intermediate 22 N-{6-[2-(1-Hydroxy-1-methylethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]-3-nitropyridin-2-yl}acetamide

To a solution of Intermediate 21 (3.47 g, 10.1 mmol) in acetic acid (10 mL) were added acetic anhydride (10 mL) and sulfuric acid (260 pt, 4.88 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 65° C. for 1 h, then cooled to room temperature. The white solid was filtered off and washed with DCM (150 mL). The filtrate was neutralized by saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution, then the mixture was partitioned and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 99.5:0.45:0.05 DCM/MeOH/NH₄OH), yielding the title compound (1.5 g, 47%). LCMS (ES⁺) 318.22 (M+H)⁺, RT 4.10 minutes.

Intermediate 23 Method B N-{[2-(Difluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl}-N-{6-[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]-3-nitropyridin-2-yl}acetamide

To a suspension of Intermediate 22 (200 mg, 0.5043 mmol) and 2-(difluoromethoxy)benzyl bromide (153 mg, 0.65 mmol) in acetonitrile (4 mL) were added DMF (0.4 mL) and Cs₂CO₃ (328.6 mg, 1.01 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in water (10 mL) and ethyl acetate (10 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (2×10 mL) and saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution (10 mL), then dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was used without further purification. LCMS (ES⁺) 474.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 3.14 minutes.

Intermediate 24 N-{3-Amino-6-[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]pyridin-2-yl}-N-{[2-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl}acetamide

Pt/C 5% type 5R163 (5.08 mg, 2 wt %) was added to a solution of Intermediate 23 (254 mg, 0.54 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (1.1 mL) and the mixture was stirred for 2 days at room temperature under H₂ (5 bar). The solution was filtered through 45μ Whatman filters, then concentrated in vacuo, yielding the title compound (239 mg, quantitative), which was used without further purification. LCMS (ES⁺) 444.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 2.79 minutes.

Intermediate 25 [2-Bromo-6-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]methanol

2-Bromo-6-(difluoromethoxy)benzaldehyde (12.0 g, 47.8 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (20 mL). The reaction mixture was cooled to −15° C., then sodium borohydride (1.81 g, 47.8 mmol) was added cautiously. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes, then treated with NH₄Cl and partitioned with EtOAc. The organic layers were extracted and washed with brine, then dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo, yielding the title compound (12.46 g, quantitative) as a brown oil. δ_(H) (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 7.53 (dd, J 8.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (t, J 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J 8.2, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (t, J 74.2 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (s, 1H), 4.61 (s, 2H).

Intermediate 26 1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-3-(difluoromethoxy)benzene

Intermediate 25 (12.46 g, 49.24 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (200 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Carbon tetrabromide (24.49 g, 73.86 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (19.37 g, 73.86 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes, then treated with water and partitioned. The organic layers were extracted and dried over MgSO₄, then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, 0-20% EtOAc in hexane) to give the title compound (15.41 g, quantitative) as a brown oil. δ_(H) (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 7.57 (dd, J 8.1, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (t, J 73.2 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (dd, J 8.3, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (s, 2H).

Intermediate 27 N-{[2-Bromo-6-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl}-N-{6-[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-pyrimidin-5-yl]-3-nitropyridin-2-yl}acetamide

Prepared from Intermediate 22 (900 mg, 2.84 mmol), Intermediate 26 (1.19 mg, 3.69 mmol), acetonitrile (25 mL), DMSO (2.3 mL) and Cs₂CO₃ (1.85 mg, 5.67 mmol) in accordance with Method B to give the title compound (911 mg, 52%). δ_(H) (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 9.49 (s, 2H), 8.59 (d, J 8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.56 (t, J 5.8 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (dd, J 5.8, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (t, J 73.3 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (d, J 5.0 Hz, 2H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.74 (s, 6H). LCMS (ES+) 552.0/554.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 5.60 minutes.

Intermediate 28 6-Chloro-N-{[2-(difluoromethoxy)-6-fluorophenyl]methyl}-3-nitropyridin-2-amine

Potassium carbonate (19.10 g, 138.2 mmol) was added to a suspension of 2,6-dichloro-3-nitropyridine (25 g, 125.65 mmol) and [2-(difluoromethoxy)-6-fluorophenyl]-methanamine (26.42 g, 138.22 mmol) in acetonitrile (200 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, then partitioned between water and DCM. The organic layer was washed with water and dried over MgSO₄, then filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crystalline solid was taken up in a minimum amount of diethyl ether and filtered, then washed with a small amount of diethyl ether and dried, yielding the title compound (27 g, 62%) as a yellow solid. δ_(H) (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8.79 (t, J 5.5 Hz, 1H), 8.43 (d, J 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (m, 1H), 7.28 (t, J 76 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (m, 1H), 7.08 (d, J 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (d, J 5.7 Hz, 2H). LCMS (ES+) 348.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 1.54 minutes.

Intermediate 29 6-Chloro-N²-{[2-(difluoromethoxy)-6-fluorophenyl]methyl}pyridine-2,3-diamine

A mixture of Intermediate 28 (25 g, 71.90 mmol) and 5% Pt/C 163 (2.5 g, 10 wt %) in EtOAc (350 mL) was de-gassed and flushed with hydrogen, then hydrogenated at normal pressure at room temperature for 18 h. More catalyst (0.5 g) was added, then the reaction mixture was de-gassed and hydrogenated for a further 18 h. The mixture was filtered through a plug of celite-silica gel, washing with EtOAc. The residue was crystallised from diethyl ether/hexane and filtered, then washed with hexane/diethyl ether (2:1) and dried, yielding the title compound (22.4 g, 98%) as a green solid. δ_(H) (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 7.44 (m, 1H), 7.25 (t, J 76 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (m, 1H), 7.08 (m, 1H), 6.69 (d, J 7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.40 (d, J 7.7 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (t, J 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 4.46 (d, J 4.0 Hz, 2H). LCMS (ES⁺) 318.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 1.47 minutes.

Intermediate 30 5-Chloro-3-{[2-(difluoromethoxy)-6-fluorophenyl]methyl}-2-methylimidazo[4,5-b]-pyridine

Intermediate 29 (20 g, 62.95 mmol) was divided into batches (4×5 g). Each batch was dissolved in acetic acid (25 mL) and heated under microwave irradiation at 150° C. for 8 h. The batches were combined and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc and washed twice with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution. The organic extract was dried over MgSO₄, filtered through celite/silica gel (EtOAc) and concentrated in vacuo. The brown solid was slurried in diethyl ether and filtered, then washed with diethyl ether and dried, to yield the title compound (12.5 g, 58%) as a light brown solid. δ_(H) (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 7.96 (d, J 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (m, 1H), 7.25 (m, 2H), 7.15 (m, 1H), 7.08 (m, 1H), 5.47 (s, 2H). LCMS (ES⁺) 342 (M+H)⁺, RT 1.44 minutes.

Intermediate 31 3-[tert-Butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy-3-[5-(3-{[2-(difluoromethoxy)-6-fluorophenyl]methyl}-2-methylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]-1-methylcyclobutanol

A mixture of Intermediate 20 (200 mg, 0.53 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (166.5 mg, 0.64 mmol) and potassium acetate (162.6 mg, 1.607 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) was purged with argon. [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)-dichloromethane complex (12.38 mg, 0.016 mmol, 3 mol %) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. under an argon atmosphere for 1 h, then cooled to room temperature. Water (2.5 mL) was added, followed by Intermediate 30 (201.3 mg, 0.59 mmol) and sodium carbonate (113.6 mg, 1.07 mmol). The mixture was purged with argon, then Pd₂(dba)₃ (9.81 mg, 0.03 mmol, 2 mol %) and tri(tert-butyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate (6.22 mg, 0.02 mmol, 4 mol %) were added. The reaction mixture was heated under argon for 3 h at 90° C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and partitioned between EtOAc (15 mL) and water (15 mL), then extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were successively washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution, then dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient 0-100% EtOAc in heptane), yielding the title compound (215 mg, 67.0%). LCMS (ES⁺) 600.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 2.97 minutes.

Intermediate 32 3-Bromo-2-fluoro-6-methoxybenzaldehyde

To a solution of 1-bromo-2-fluoro-4-methoxybenzene (25 g, 121.9 mmol) in THF (250 mL) at −78° C. was added LDA (2M solution in THF; 73.2 mL, 146.3 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes. DMF (11 mL, 146.34 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After completion of the reaction (monitored by TLC), the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution and the residue was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, then dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient 0-20% EtOAc in hexane), yielding the title compound as a pale yellow solid (25.5 g, 89%). 6H (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 10.38 (s, 1H), 7.67 (t, J 8.35 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (d, J 9.03 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H).

Intermediate 33 3-Bromo-2-fluoro-6-hydroxybenzaldehyde

To a solution of Intermediate 32 (50 g, 215.5 mmol) in dry DCM (300 mL) at −50° C. was added boron tribromide (1M solution in DCM; 646 mL, 646 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at −50° C. for 30 minutes, then diluted with water. The organic layer was separated, then washed with water and brine. The organic layer was separated and dried over sodium sulphate, then concentrated in vacuo, to yield the title compound (40 g, 85%) as a white solid. δ_(H) (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 11.44 (s, 1H), 10.23-10.38 (m, 1H), 7.63 (t, J 8.35 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (d, J 9.03 Hz, 1H).

Intermediate 34 3-Bromo-6-(difluoromethoxy)-2-fluorob enz aldehyde

To a solution of Intermediate 33 (40 g, 183.5 mmol) in acetonitrile (200 mL) at 0° C. were added aqueous KOH (61.6 g, 1100 mmol) and diethyl [bromo(difluoro)methyl]-phosphonate (52.2 mL, 293.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes, then quenched with water. The residue was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, then separated, dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient 0-5% EtOAc in hexane), yielding the title compound (20 g, 41%) as a yellow oil. δ_(H) (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 10.34 (s, 1H), 7.78 (t, J 8.13 Hz, 1H), 6.98-7.08 (m, 1H), 6.42-6.85 (m, 1H).

Intermediate 35 [3-Bromo-6-(difluoromethoxy)-2-fluorophenyl]methanol

To a solution of Intermediate 34 (20 g, 74.6 mmol) in MeOH (200 mL) at −15° C. was added sodium borohydride (2.76 g, 74.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at −15° C. for 20 minutes, then quenched with ice-cold water and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was extracted with DCM and washed with water. The organic layer was separated and dried over sodium sulphate, then concentrated in vacuo, to yield the title compound (17.5 g, 87%) as a clear oil. δ_(H) (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.47-7.57 (m, 1H), 6.91 (d, J 8.58 Hz, 1H), 6.38-6.78 (m, 1H), 4.80 (s, 2H).

Intermediate 36 1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl)-4-(difluoromethoxy)-2-fluorobenzene

To a solution of Intermediate 35 (17.5 g, 64.81 mmol) in DCM (200 mL) at 0° C. were added carbon tetrabromide (32.2 g, 97.22 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (25.5 g, 97.22 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 minutes, then quenched with ice-cold water. The residue was extracted with DCM. The organic layer was separated and dried over sodium sulphate, then concentrated in vacuo, to yield the title compound (16.3 g, 76%) as a white solid. δ_(H) (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.53 (t, J 8.13 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J 8.58 Hz, 1H), 6.37-6.79 (m, 1H), 4.55 (s, 2H).

Intermediate 37 2-[5-(6-{[3-Bromo-6-(difluoromethoxy)-2-fluorophenyl]methylamino}-5-nitropyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]propan-2-ol

To a solution of Intermediate 21 (2.52 g, 9.15 mmol) in acetonitrile (73 mL) were added Intermediate 36 (4.58 g, 13.72 mmol), DMF (7.3 mL) and Cs₂CO₃ (5.96 g, 18.31 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h, then concentrated in vacuo. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo, yielding the title compound (4.8 g, quantitative) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ES⁺) 528.0/530.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 3.14 minutes.

Intermediate 38 2-[5-(5-Amino-6-{[3-bromo-6-(difluoromethoxy)-2-fluorophenyl]methylamino}pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]propan-2-ol

Pt/C 5% type 5R163 (122 mg, 2 wt %) was added to a solution of Intermediate 37 (6.10 g, 0.54 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (23 mL) and the mixture was stirred for 2 days at room temperature under H₂ (5 bar). The solution was filtered through 45μ Whatman filters and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient 0-100% EtOAc in heptane), yielding the title compound (2.95 g, 51%). LCMS (ES⁺) 498.0/500.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 3.16 minutes.

Intermediate 39 N-[(5-Bromopyridin-2-yl)(methyl)(oxo)-λ⁶-sulfanylidene]-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide

To a suspension of 5-bromo-2-(methylsulfinyl)pyridine (5 g, 22.8 mmol), MgO (3.68 g, 91.3 mmol), tetrakis(acetato-κO)dirhodium(Rh—Rh) (0.25 g, 0.570 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (5.16 g, 45.6 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (150 mL) was added bis(acetyloxy)(phenyl)-λ³-iodane (11.03 g, 34.2 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h, then filtered over celite. The filter cake was washed with DCM (30 mL). The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-100% EtOAc in heptane), yielding the title compound (5.7 g, 97%) as a light yellow oil. LCMS (ES⁺) 332.0/334.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 1.27 minutes.

Example 1 4-({5-Chloro-3-[(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl}methoxy)-benzamide

To a solution of Intermediate 2 (2.9 g, 9.6 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) were added Intermediate 4 (2.2 g, 11.3 mmol), EDCI (2.18 g, 11.5 mmol), HOBT (1.75 g, 11.3 mmol) and DIPEA (3.3 mL, 19.2 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The reaction mixture was treated with brine (20 mL) and EtOAc (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was suspended in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) and PTSA (1.42 g, 8.2 mmol) was added, then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and treated with 2M aqueous NaOH solution (5 mL), then extracted with DCM (2×10 mL). The organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-100% EtOAc/DCM), yielding the title compound (0.2 g, 5%) as a cream solid. δ_(H) (d₆-DMSO) 8.28 (d, J 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (m, 3H), 7.57 (d, J 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J 8.6, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 6.83 (d, J 8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.58 (d, J 2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.64 (s, 2H), 5.49 (s, 2H). LCMS (ES⁺) 463.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 2.43 minutes (Method C).

Example 2 Method A 4-({3-[(2,5-Dichlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(pyridin-4-yl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl}-methoxy)benzamide

A microwave vial was charged with a solution of Example 1 (0.2 g, 0.3 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) and water (1 mL). Pyridin-4-ylboronic acid (0.05 g, 0.42 mmol) and 2M aqueous sodium carbonate solution (1 mL) were added, and the reaction mixture was degassed for 10 minutes. Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.04 g, 0.10 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was degassed for 10 minutes, then heated at 100° C. for 60 minutes in a Biotage microwave reactor. Ethyl acetate was added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture was filtered through a Celite pad. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC, yielding the title compound (1 mg, 8%) as a white solid. δ_(H) (d₆-DMSO) 8.68 (dd, J 5.1, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 8.33 (d, J 8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (d, J 8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (dd, J 4.6, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (d, J 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J 8.6, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 6.92-6.89 (m, 3H), 5.77 (s, 2H), 5.57 (s, 2H). LCMS (ES⁺) 504.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 2.14 minutes (Method C).

Example 3 3-[(2,5-Dichlorophenyl)methyl]-2-methyl-5-(pyridin-4-yl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine

Prepared from Intermediate 5 (0.06 g, 0.18 mmol) and pyridin-4-ylboronic acid (0.03 g, 0.22 mmol) in accordance with Method A to give the title compound (4 mg, 6%). δ_(H) (d₆-DMSO) 8.66 (d, J 6.0 Hz, 2H), 8.12 (d, J 8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.05-8.01 (m, 3H), 7.58 (d, J 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (dd, J 8.6, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J 8.6 Hz, 1H), 5.63 (s, 2H), 2.62 (s, 3H). LCMS (ES⁺) 371.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 2.17 minutes (Method C).

Example 4 5-Benzyloxy-3-[(2,5-dimethylphenyl)methyl]-2-methylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine

A suspension of Intermediate 8 (400 mg, 1.2 mmol) in acetic acid (5 mL) was heated at reflux for 3 days, then allowed to cool to room temperature. The crude mixture was concentrated in vacuo, then the residue was partitioned between EtOAc (50 mL) and Na₂CO₃ (10% w/v aqueous solution, 30 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (30 mL), then the combined organic extracts were washed with brine (50 mL) and dried over MgSO₄. Filtration and concentration in vacuo gave a crude gum which was purified by column chromatography on SiO₂, eluting with DCM:EtOAc (gradient from 0 to 30% EtOAc), and trituration with diisopropyl ether, to yield the title compound (30 mg, 67%) as an off-white powder. δ_(H) (DMSO-d₆) 7.90 (d, 1H), 7.38-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.28 (m, 3H), 7.13 (d, 1H), 7.00 (d, 1H), 6.69 (d, 1H), 6.36 (s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H). LCMS (ES⁺) 358.8 (M+H)⁺, RT 2.77 minutes (Method A).

Example 5 5-({5-Benzyloxy-3-[(2,5-dimethylphenyl)methyl]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl}methoxy)-pyridine-2-carboxamide

A suspension of Intermediate 9 (470 mg, 2.4 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was treated with DMF (2 mL), followed by HATU (912 mg, 2.4 mmol) and DIPEA (420 μL, 2.4 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes. The mixture was treated with Intermediate 8 (730 mg, 2.1 mmol) in DCM (5 mL), then stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The reaction mixture was treated with water (20 mL) and extracted with DCM (two portions of 25 mL each), then the combined organic layers were concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in acetic acid (25 mL) and heated at reflux for 8 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between DCM (60 mL) and Na₂CO₃ (10% w/v aqueous solution, 50 mL). The aqueous phase was further extracted with DCM/EtOAc (9:1 mixture, two portions of 50 mL each). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (two portions of 40 mL each), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography on SiO₂ (eluting with DCM/EtOAc, gradient from 1:0 to 0:1), followed by trituration with EtOAc, to yield the title compound (180 mg, 17%) as a pale solid. δ_(H) (DMSO-d₆) 8.07-8.09 (m, 2H), 7.94 (d, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.45-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.28 (m, 3H), 7.08 (d, 1H), 6.95 (d, 1H), 6.80 (d, 1H), 6.34 (s, 1H), 5.51 (s, 2H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 5.35 (s, 2H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 1.90 (s, 3H). LCMS (ES⁺) 494.8, RT 2.64 minutes (Method A).

Example 6 {3-[(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)methyl]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl}(phenyl)methanol

To a solution of Intermediate 10 (380 mg, 1.6 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at −78° C. was added 1.6M n-butyllithium in hexane (3.2 mmol) over 1 minute. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, then benzaldehyde (0.34 g, 3.2 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added over 1 minute. After a further 10 minutes, the reaction mixture was quenched with water (lmL) and allowed to warm to ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into ethyl acetate/water. The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed three times with water, then dried over magnesium sulphate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by gradient silica column chromatography, eluting with 0-60% ethyl acetate in DCM, followed by preparative chromatography, to afford the title compound (300 mg, 55%) as a white solid. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 8.33 (d, J 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (dd, J 8.0, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.15 (m, 7H), 7.05-7.00 (m, 1H), 7.00-6.90 (m, 1H), 6.91 (s, 1H), 5.82 (s, 1H), 5.25 (dd, J_(AB) 16.8 Hz, 2H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H). LCMS (ES⁺) 344.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 2.24 minutes (Method C).

Example 7 {5-(1-Methylpyrazol-4-yl)-3-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl}methanol

A mixture of Intermediate 13 (400 mg, 1.36 mmol), glycolic acid (125 mg, 1.6 mmol), HATU (573 mg, 1.5 mmol) and triethylamine (0.38 mL, 2.7 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The cooled reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was retaken in acetic acid (5 mL) and heated at 140° C. for 4 h, then cooled down to room temperature. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, retaken in DCM and washed with 2M aqueous NaOH solution. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was redissolved in a mixture of THF, methanol and 2M aqueous NaOH solution, then heated at 65° C. for 1 h. The cooled reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, EtOAc:DCM, 80 to 100%) to give the title compound (115 mg, 25%) as a white solid. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 8.00 (s, 1H), 8.00-7.90 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.30 (m, 6H), 6.22 (q, J 14.4, 7.0 Hz), 4.65 (dd, J 15.8, 5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 3.25 (t, J 5.8 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (d, J 7.2 Hz, 3H). LCMS (ES⁺) 334.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 1.64 minutes (Method C).

Example 8 2-(5-{3-[2-(Difluoromethoxy)benzyl]-2-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl}-pyrimidin-2-yl)propan-2-ol

Intermediate 24 (254 mg, 0.5728 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (2.5 mL) and acetic anhydride (0.06 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 1 h, then the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was taken up in acetic acid (2 mL) and heated at 150° C. for 2 h. The acetic acid was stripped with toluene (3×5 mL). The residue was taken up in EtOAc and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (1.2 mL) and cooled in an ice bath, then aqueous NaOH solution (1N, 0.25 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred overnight and allowed to warm slowly to room temperature, then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in the minimum volume of acetonitrile/water (70:30), with a drop of DMSO, and purified by preparative HPLC, yielding the title compound (10 mg, 18%) as an off-white solid. δ_(H) (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 9.33 (s, 2H), 8.08 (d, J 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dt, J 8.0, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dd, J 8.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (td, J 7.7, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J 7.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (t, J 73.3 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (s, 2H), 4.72 (s, 1H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 1.64 (s, 6H). LCMS (ES⁺) 426.30 (M+H)⁺, RT 2.35 minutes.

Example 9 2-(5-{3-[2-Bromo-6-(difluoromethoxy)b enzyl]-2-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl}pyrimidin-2-yl)propan-2-ol

Pt/C 5% type 5R163 (2 mg, 2 wt %) was added to a solution of Intermediate 27 (100 mg, 0.181 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (0.4 mL, 5 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The solution was filtered through celite, washed with 1,4-dioxane and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in acetic acid (2 mL) and stirred at 50° C. for 3 h. Acetic anhydride (0.02 mL, 0.18 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 50° C. for 72 h. The precipitate was filtered off and dried in vacuo. The solid was suspended in acetic acid (1 mL) and stirred at 100° C. for 2 days, then heated under microwave irradiation for 30 minutes at 150° C. The solution was azeotroped with toluene (2×10 mL) and taken up in DCM (10 mL). The organic solution was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (10 mL), dried with MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (0.3 mL) and cooled in an ice bath before adding NaOH (6.0 mg, 0.15 mmol) in water (0.15 mL). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 5 h. The resulting white precipitate was filtered off and washed with diisopropyl ether, yielding the title compound (3.5 mg, 4.0%). δ_(H) (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 9.24 (s, 2H), 8.01 (d, J 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d, J 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.31 (t, J 73.3 Hz, 1H), 5.71 (s, 2H), 4.77 (s, 1H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 1.65 (s, 6H). LCMS (ES⁺) 504.0/506.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 2.39 minutes.

Example 10 2-(5-{3-[2-(Difluoromethoxy)-6-fluorobenzyl]-2-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl}pyrimidin-2-yl)propan-2-ol

Prepared from Intermediate 30 (1.50 g, 4.39 mmol), 2-[5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]propan-2-ol (1.39 g, 5.26 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (2.14 g, 6.58 mmol), 1,4-dioxane/water (9:1, 25 mL) and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II)-dichloromethane complex (160.6 mg, 0.22 mmol, 5 mol %) in accordance with Method A to give the title compound (1.18 g, 60%). δ_(H) (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 9.31 (s, 2H), 8.01 (d, J 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (dt, J 8.3, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (t, J 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (t, J 72.8 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (s, 2H), 4.77 (s, 1H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 1.66 (s, 6H). LCMS (ES⁺) 444.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 2.26 minutes.

Example 11 cis-1-(5-{3-[2-(Difluoromethoxy)-6-fluorobenzyl]-2-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl}pyrimidin-2-yl)-3-methylcyclobutane-1,3-diol

Intermediate 31 (215 mg, 0.36 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (2 mL) and TBAF (1M in THF; 1.07 mL, 1.08 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude yellow oil was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient 0-10% MeOH in EtOAc), yielding the title compound (71 mg, 40.8%). LCMS (ES⁺) 486.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 2.01 minutes.

Example 12 2-(5-{3-[3-Bromo-6-(difluoromethoxy)-2-fluorobenzyl]-2-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]-pyridin-5-yl}pyrimidin-2-yl)propan-2-ol

Intermediate 38 (250 mg, 0.50 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (2.0 mL) and acetic anhydride (0.05 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 1 h, then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in acetic acid (2 mL) and the reaction mixture was heated at 150° C. for 18 h, then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in EtOAc and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified on column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient 0-100% EtOAc in heptane), yielding the title compound (175 mg, 60%) as a white solid. LCMS (ES⁺) 540.0/542.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 1.43 minutes.

Example 13 3-[2-(Difluoromethoxy)-6-fluorobenzyl]-2-methyl-5-{6-[S-(methyl)sulfonimidoyl]-pyridin-3-yl}-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine

Intermediate 39 (150 mg, 0.45 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) and bis(pinacolato)diboron (140 mg, 0.54 mmol), potassium acetate (134 mg, 1.35 mmol) and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (23 mg, 0.03 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 2 h. Intermediate 30 (124 mg, 0.36 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture, with tri(tert-butyl)(hydrido)phosphate(1-) (13.1 mg, 0.045 mmol), water (0.22 mL), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (3.8 mg, 0.011 mmol) and potassium carbonate (75.89 mg, 0.54 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 18 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, then partitioned between EtOAc (15 mL) and water (15 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were successively washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution, then dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by preparative HPLC, yielding the title compound (5 mg, 2%) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ES⁺) 462.0 (M+H)⁺, RT 1.21 minutes. 

1. A compound of formula (I) or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a glucuronide derivative thereof, or a co-crystal thereof:

wherein E represents a covalent bond; or E represents —S(O)₂— or —N(R⁴)—; or E represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₄ alkylene chain; Q represents a covalent bond; or Q represents —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— or —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—; or Q represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene chain optionally comprising one, two or three heteroatom-containing linkages independently selected from —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— and —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—; Y represents C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; Z represents hydrogen, halogen or trifluoromethyl; or Z represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; or Z represents —Z¹—Z² or —Z¹—C(O)—Z², either of which moieties may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; Z¹ represents a divalent radical derived from an aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl group; Z² represents aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl or heteroaryl; R¹, R² and R³ independently represent hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —SOR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —SF₅, —NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)COR^(d), —NR^(c)CO₂R^(d), —NHCONR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(e), —N(SO₂R^(e))₂, —NHSO₂NR^(b)R^(c), —COR^(d), —CO₂R^(d), —CONR^(b)R^(c), —CON(OR^(a))R^(b), —SO₂NR^(b)R^(c) or —SO(NR^(b))R^(d); or C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₇ cycloalkenyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, aryl, aryl(C₁₋₆)-alkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl, C₄₋₉ heterobicycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-aryl-, heteroaryl(C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-(C₁₋₆)alkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₇)cycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₉)bicycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₉)heterobicycloalkyl-heteroaryl- or (C₄₋₉)spiroheterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; R⁴ and R⁵ independently represent hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(a) represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, aryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; R^(b) and R^(c) independently represent hydrogen or trifluoromethyl; or C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, aryl, aryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaryl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; or R^(b) and R^(c), when taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both attached, represent azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, oxazolidin-3-yl, isoxazolidin-2-yl, thiazolidin-3-yl, isothiazolidin-2-yl, piperidin-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, thiomorpholin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, homopiperidin-1-yl, homomorpholin-4-yl or homopiperazin-1-yl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; R^(d) represents hydrogen; or C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; and R^(e) represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.
 2. The compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein Y represents phenyl, which group may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.
 3. The compound as claimed in claim 1 represented by formula (IIA) or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a glucuronide derivative thereof, or a co-crystal thereof:

wherein R¹¹ represents hydrogen, halogen or —OR^(a); or R¹¹ represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-aryl-, heteroaryl(C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₇)cycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₆)bicycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl-heteroaryl-, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkenyl-heteroaryl-, (C₄₋₆)heterobicycloalkyl-heteroaryl- or (C₄₋₆)spiroheterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; R¹² represents hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl or optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ independently represent hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, arylamino, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₃₋₆ heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, carboxy, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl or di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminosulfonyl.
 4. The compound as claimed in claim 3 wherein R¹¹ represents heteroaryl or (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-heteroaryl-, either of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents.
 5. The compound as claimed in claim 3 represented by formula (IIB) or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a glucuronide derivative thereof, or a co-crystal thereof:

wherein V represents C—R²² or N; R²¹ represents hydrogen, halogen, halo(C₁₋₆)alkyl, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, (C₁₋₆)alkoxy-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-oxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, amino, amino-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, (C₁₋₆)alkoxy(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)-alkyl]-N-[hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonylamino-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N-[carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkylamino, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonyloxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, morpholinyl(C₁₋₆)alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl-methylidenyl, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, aminosulphonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino-sulphonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino-sulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl or [(C₁₋₆)alkyl][N—(C₁₋₆)alkyl]sulphoximinyl; or R²¹ represents (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, (C₄₋₇)cycloalkenyl, (C₄₋₉)bicycloalkyl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkenyl, (C₄₋₉)heterobicycloalkyl or (C₄₋₉)spiroheterocycloalkyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; R²² represents hydrogen, halogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R²³ represents hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxy; E represents a covalent bond; or E represents —S(O)₂— or —N(R⁴)—; or E represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₄ alkylene chain; Q represents a covalent bond; or Q represents —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— or —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—; or Q represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene chain optionally comprising one, two or three heteroatom-containing linkages independently selected from —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— and —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—; Z represents hydrogen, halogen or trifluoromethyl; or Z represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; or Z represents —Z¹—Z² or —Z¹—C(O)—Z², either of which moieties may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; Z¹ represents a divalent radical derived from an aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl group; Z² represents aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl or heteroaryl; and R⁴ and R⁵ independently represent hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 6. The compound as claimed in claim 5 wherein R²¹ represents hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl.
 7. The compound as claimed in claim 5 represented by formula (IIC), (IID), (IIE), (IIF), (IIG), (IIH), (IIJ), (IIK) or (IIL) or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a glucuronide derivative thereof, or a co-crystal thereof:

wherein T represents —CH₂— or —CH₂CH₂—; U represents C(O) or S(O)₂; W represents O, S, S(O), S(O)₂, S(O)(NR⁵), N(R³¹) or C(R³²)(R³³); -M- represents —CH₂— or —CH₂CH₂—; R³¹ represents hydrogen, cyano(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, a carboxylic acid isostere or prodrug moiety Ω, —(C₁₋₆)alkyl-Ω, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, aminosulphonyl or di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino-sulphonyl; R³² represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, aminosulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl, [(C₁₋₆)alkyl][N—(C₁₋₆)alkyl]sulphoximinyl, a carboxylic acid isostere or prodrug moiety Ω, or —(C₁₋₆)alkyl-Ω; R³³ represents hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, hydroxy-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino or carboxy; R³⁴ represents hydrogen, halogen, halo(C₁₋₆)alkyl, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonylamino or (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl; E represents a covalent bond; or E represents —S(O)₂— or —N(R⁴)—; or E represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₄ alkylene chain; Q represents a covalent bond; or Q represents —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— or —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—; or Q represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene chain optionally comprising one, two or three heteroatom-containing linkages independently selected from —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— and —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—; Z represents hydrogen, halogen or trifluoromethyl; or Z represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; or Z represents —Z¹—Z² or —Z¹—C(O)—Z², either of which moieties may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; Z¹ represents a divalent radical derived from an aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl group; Z² represents aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl or heteroaryl; R⁴ and R⁵ independently represent hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R¹² represents hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl or optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ independently represent hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, arylamino, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₃₋₆ heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, carboxy, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl or di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminosulfonyl.
 8. The compound as claimed in claim 3 represented by formula (IIM) or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a glucuronide derivative thereof, or a co-crystal thereof:

wherein E represents a covalent bond; or E represents —S(O)₂— or —N(R⁴)—; or E represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₄ alkylene chain; Q represents a covalent bond; or Q represents —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— or —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—; or Q represents an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene chain optionally comprising one, two or three heteroatom-containing linkages independently selected from —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)(NR⁵)—, —N(R⁵)—, —C(O)N(R⁵)—, —N(R⁵)C(O)—, —S(O)₂N(R⁵)— and —N(R⁵)S(O)₂—; Z represents hydrogen, halogen or trifluoromethyl; or Z represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl or heteroaryl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; or Z represents —Z¹—Z² or —Z¹—C(O)—Z², either of which moieties may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; Z¹ represents a divalent radical derived from an aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl group; Z² represents aryl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkenyl or heteroaryl; R⁴ and R⁵ independently represent hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R²¹ represents hydrogen, halogen, halo(C₁₋₆)alkyl, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, (C₁₋₆)alkoxy-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl-oxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, amino, amino-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, (C₁₋₆)alkoxy(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)-alkyl]-N-[hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonylamino-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonylamino, N—[(C₁₋₆)alkyl]-N-[carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl]amino, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkylamino, carboxy(C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino(C₁₋₆)alkyl, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, (C₂₋₆)alkylcarbonyloxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, morpholinyl(C₁₋₆)alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl-methylidenyl, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, aminosulphonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino-sulphonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino-sulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkyl-sulphoximinyl or [(C₁₋₆)alkyl][N—(C₁₋₆)alkyl]sulphoximinyl; or R²¹ represents (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl, (C₃₋₇)cycloalkyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, (C₄₋₇)cycloalkenyl, (C₄₋₉)bicycloalkyl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkyl, (C₃₋₇)heterocycloalkenyl, (C₄₋₉)heterobicycloalkyl or (C₄₋₉)spiroheterocycloalkyl, any of which groups may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents; W represents O, S, S(O), S(O)₂, S(O)(NR⁵), N(R³¹) or C(R³²)(R³³); R³¹ represents hydrogen, cyano(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, a carboxylic acid isostere or prodrug moiety Ω, —(C₁₋₆)alkyl-Ω, aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, aminosulphonyl or di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino-sulphonyl; R³² represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, formyl, C₂₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl, aminosulphonyl, (C₁₋₆)alkylsulphoximinyl, [(C₁₋₆)alkyl][N—(C₁₋₆)alkyl]sulphoximinyl, a carboxylic acid isostere or prodrug moiety Ω, or —(C₁₋₆)alkyl-Ω; and R³³ represents hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, hydroxy-(C₁₋₆)alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino or carboxy.
 9. The compound as claimed in claim 7 wherein R³⁴ represents hydrogen or hydroxy.
 10. The compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein E represents —CH₂— or —CH(CH₃)—.
 11. A compound as
 12. claimed in claim 3 wherein R¹⁵ represents difluoromethoxy.
 13. A compound as herein specifically disclosed in any one of the Examples.
 14. (canceled)
 15. (canceled)
 16. (canceled)
 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1 or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a glucuronide derivative thereof, or a co-crystal thereof, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 18. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 16 further comprising an additional pharmaceutically active ingredient.
 19. (canceled)
 20. (canceled)
 21. A method for the treatment and/or prevention of disorders for which the administration of a modulator of TNFα function is indicated which comprises administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1 or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a glucuronide derivative thereof, or a co-crystal thereof.
 22. A method for the treatment and/or prevention of an inflammatory or autoimmune disorder, a neurological or neurodegenerative disorder, pain or a nociceptive disorder, a cardiovascular disorder, a metabolic disorder, an ocular disorder, or an oncological disorder, which comprises administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1 or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a glucuronide derivative thereof, or a co-crystal thereof. 